fix: replace route closures with controllers, add Argon2id password migration

- Replace closures in web.php and auth.php with dedicated controllers
  (LoginRedirectController, LogoutController, TwoFactorChallengeController,
  EmailVerificationController) to fix route caching issues
- Add migration to increase password column to VARCHAR(255) for Argon2id support
- Fix 500 error caused by route cache incompatibility with closures

app/Http/Controllers/Auth/EmailVerificationController.php

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace App\Http\Controllers\Auth;
+
+use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
+use Illuminate\Http\RedirectResponse;
+use Illuminate\Http\Request;
+
+class EmailVerificationController extends Controller
+{
+    public function __invoke(Request $request): RedirectResponse
+    {
+        $request->user()->sendEmailVerificationNotification();
+
+        return back()->with('status', 'verification-link-sent');
+    }
+}