fix: replace route closures with controllers, add Argon2id password migration

- Replace closures in web.php and auth.php with dedicated controllers
  (LoginRedirectController, LogoutController, TwoFactorChallengeController,
  EmailVerificationController) to fix route caching issues
- Add migration to increase password column to VARCHAR(255) for Argon2id support
- Fix 500 error caused by route cache incompatibility with closures

app/Http/Controllers/Auth/TwoFactorChallengeController.php

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace App\Http\Controllers\Auth;
+
+use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
+use Illuminate\Contracts\View\View;
+
+class TwoFactorChallengeController extends Controller
+{
+    public function __invoke(): View
+    {
+        return view('auth.two-factor-challenge');
+    }
+}