feat(security): give back to CrowdSec and harden the CTI budget

- Bound the in-process verdict cache (FIFO eviction at 2000 entries) so a
  flood of distinct bucket-tripping IPs cannot grow it without limit.
- Record block metadata (reputation, score, behaviors, category, TTL) in
  antiddos:block:meta:{ip}, surfaced as the reason in the admin block list;
  unban now also clears the metadata and report locks.
- Track daily CTI enrichment usage in Redis (crowdsec:usage:{date}); warn
  once at 80% and pause lookups until tomorrow at CROWDSEC_CTI_DAILY_QUOTA
  (default 10000, 0 = unlimited) so a via-spread DDoS cannot burn the plan.
- Add opt-in signal push to the CrowdSec community (CAPI watcher): stable
  auto-generated 48-char machine_id/password pair persisted in Redis (or via
  env), one-time registration, cached JWT login, optional Console enrollment,
  and POST /v3/signals with a ban decision, deduped per IP. Never throws and
  reports last status to the admin panel with a verify action.
- Admin page: quota usage bar, reporting status/verify channel, and CrowdSec
  block reasons in the active-blocks list.

.env.example

@@ -89,6 +89,25 @@ CROWDSEC_BLOCK_SCORE=4
 CROWDSEC_BLOCK_TTL_SECONDS=86400
 # Endpoint — override only for tests/staging.
 CROWDSEC_CTI_BASE_URL=https://cti.api.crowdsec.net/v2
+# Daily enrichment-call ceiling (freemium plan ≈ 10k/day). Once today's
+# counter reaches it, reputation lookups pause until tomorrow so a spread
+# DDoS cannot silently burn the whole quota. 0 = unlimited.
+CROWDSEC_CTI_DAILY_QUOTA=10000
+
+# --- CROWDSEC SIGNAL PUSH (share our blocks back, optional) ---
+# Opt-in: pushes blocked IPs + behaviors to the CrowdSec Central API (CAPI) so
+# the community blocklist protects other members too. Set to "true" to enable.
+# Requires watcher credentials — either set both CROWDSEC_REPORT_MACHINE_ID
+# (48 chars, [A-Za-z0-9]) and CROWDSEC_REPORT_PASSWORD now, or leave them
+# unset and let the app generate a stable pair persisted in Redis automatically.
+CROWDSEC_REPORT_ENABLED=false
+CROWDSEC_REPORT_MACHINE_ID=
+CROWDSEC_REPORT_PASSWORD=
+# Optional: attachment key from https://app.crowdsec.net → Console settings —
+# links our watcher to your account so pushed signals show up there.
+CROWDSEC_REPORT_ENROLL_KEY=
+# Central API base — override only for tests/staging.
+CROWDSEC_CAPI_BASE_URL=https://api.crowdsec.net/v3
 
 # --- PATHS ---
 BADGE_UPLOAD_DIR=./public/assets/images/badges

src/actions/admin-antiddos.ts

@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@ import {
 	setLastCrowdsecVerify,
 	verifyCrowdsecConnection,
 } from "@/lib/crowdsec-api";
+import {
+	setLastCrowdsecReport,
+	verifyCrowdsecReporting,
+} from "@/lib/crowdsec-report";
 import { db, WebsiteSetting } from "@/lib/db";
 import { logger } from "@/lib/logger";
 import { PERMS } from "@/lib/permissions";
@@ -223,6 +227,8 @@ export async function unbanAntiddosIp(formData: FormData): Promise<void> {
 		if (redis) {
 			await Promise.all([
 				redis.del(`antiddos:block:${ip}`),
+				redis.del(`antiddos:block:meta:${ip}`),
+				redis.del(`crowdsec:report:${ip}`),
 				redis.del(`antiddos:v:${ip}`),
 			]);
 		}
@@ -272,6 +278,19 @@ export async function verifyCrowdsecConfiguration(): Promise<void> {
 	revalidatePath("/admin/devops/antiddos");
 }
 
+/** Test the CrowdSec signal-push (CAPI watcher) channel. */
+export async function verifyCrowdsecReportingConfiguration(): Promise<void> {
+	const staff = await requirePermission(PERMS.SETTINGS_VIEW);
+	const status = await verifyCrowdsecReporting();
+	await setLastCrowdsecReport(status);
+	logger.info("CrowdSec reporting configuration verified", {
+		staff: staff.username,
+		ok: status.ok,
+		message: status.message,
+	});
+	revalidatePath("/admin/devops/antiddos");
+}
+
 /** Test the configured Cloudflare API credentials against the zone. */
 export async function verifyCloudflareConfiguration(): Promise<void> {
 	const staff = await requirePermission(PERMS.SETTINGS_VIEW);

src/app/admin/devops/antiddos/page.tsx

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import {
 	unbanAntiddosIp,
 	verifyCloudflareConfiguration,
 	verifyCrowdsecConfiguration,
+	verifyCrowdsecReportingConfiguration,
 } from "@/actions/admin-antiddos";
 import { Badge } from "@/components/ui/badge";
 import { Button } from "@/components/ui/button";
@@ -34,9 +35,16 @@ import {
 } from "@/lib/cloudflare-api";
 import {
 	CROWDSEC_BLOCK_SOURCE,
+	type CrowdsecBlockMeta,
 	crowdsecEnabled,
+	getCrowdsecBlockMeta,
+	getCrowdsecQuotaUsage,
 	getLastCrowdsecVerify,
 } from "@/lib/crowdsec-api";
+import {
+	crowdsecReportEnabled,
+	getLastCrowdsecReport,
+} from "@/lib/crowdsec-report";
 import { db, WebsiteSetting } from "@/lib/db";
 import { canAccess, getAdminContext, PERMS } from "@/lib/permissions";
 import { redis } from "@/lib/redis";
@@ -76,6 +84,7 @@ export default async function AdminAntiDdosPage() {
 		ttlMs: number;
 		count: number;
 		source: "gate" | "crowdsec";
+		meta: CrowdsecBlockMeta | null;
 	}[] = [];
 	let redisOk = false;
 	const rateStore = redis;
@@ -100,15 +109,19 @@ export default async function AdminAntiDdosPage() {
 						rateStore.pttl(key),
 						rateStore.get(key),
 					]);
+					const ip = key.replace("antiddos:block:", "");
+					const source =
+						value === CROWDSEC_BLOCK_SOURCE
+							? ("crowdsec" as const)
+							: ("gate" as const);
 					return {
-						ip: key.replace("antiddos:block:", ""),
+						ip,
 						ttlMs: ttlMs > 0 ? ttlMs : 0,
-						count: violationCounts.get(key.replace("antiddos:block:", "")) ?? 0,
+						count: violationCounts.get(ip) ?? 0,
 						// The gate writes "1"; "crowdsec" marks a community-reputation block.
-						source:
+						source,
-							value === CROWDSEC_BLOCK_SOURCE
+						// Why CrowdSec blocked this IP, when the meta was recorded.
-								? ("crowdsec" as const)
+						meta: source === "crowdsec" ? await getCrowdsecBlockMeta(ip) : null,
-								: ("gate" as const),
 					};
 				}),
 			);
@@ -131,6 +144,9 @@ export default async function AdminAntiDdosPage() {
 	const lastVerify = await getLastCloudflareVerify();
 	const crowdsecConfigured = crowdsecEnabled();
 	const lastCrowdsecVerify = await getLastCrowdsecVerify();
+	const crowdsecUsage = redisOk ? await getCrowdsecQuotaUsage() : null;
+	const reportingEnabled = await crowdsecReportEnabled();
+	const lastReport = await getLastCrowdsecReport();
 
 	return (
 		<div className="space-y-6">
@@ -195,7 +211,9 @@ export default async function AdminAntiDdosPage() {
 							{crowdsecConfigured ? "Connected" : "Not configured"}
 						</Badge>
 						<p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mt-1">
-							Community reputation auto-block
+							{crowdsecUsage && crowdsecUsage.quota > 0
+								? `${crowdsecUsage.used.toLocaleString()} / ${crowdsecUsage.quota.toLocaleString()} CTI calls today${crowdsecUsage.exhausted ? " (paused)" : ""}`
+								: "Community reputation auto-block"}
 						</p>
 					</CardContent>
 				</Card>
@@ -485,28 +503,44 @@ export default async function AdminAntiDdosPage() {
 						</p>
 					) : (
 						<div className="space-y-2">
-							{blocks.map((b) => (
+							{blocks.map((b) => {
-								<div
+								const behaviorLabel =
-									key={b.ip}
+									b.meta && b.meta.behaviors.length > 0
-									className="flex items-center justify-between gap-2 rounded-md border p-2 text-sm"
+										? b.meta.behaviors.join(", ")
-								>
+										: null;
-									<span className="font-mono">{b.ip}</span>
+								return (
-									<span className="flex items-center gap-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+									<div
-										{b.source === "crowdsec" ? (
+										key={b.ip}
-											<Badge variant="default">CrowdSec</Badge>
+										className="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-2 rounded-md border p-2 text-sm"
-										) : (
+									>
-											<Badge variant="secondary">Gate</Badge>
+										<span className="font-mono">{b.ip}</span>
-										)}
+										<span className="flex items-center gap-2 text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-										TTL {seconds(b.ttlMs)} · violations {b.count}
+											{b.source === "crowdsec" ? (
-									</span>
+												<Badge variant="default">CrowdSec</Badge>
-									<form action={unbanAntiddosIp}>
+											) : (
-										<input type="hidden" name="ip" value={b.ip} />
+												<Badge variant="secondary">Gate</Badge>
-										<Button type="submit" size="sm" variant="outline">
+											)}
-											Unban
+											TTL {seconds(b.ttlMs)} · violations {b.count}
-										</Button>
+											{b.meta && (
-									</form>
+												<span
-								</div>
+													className="max-w-xs truncate"
-							))}
+													title={`${b.meta.reputation ?? "unknown"} · score ${b.meta.score} · ${b.meta.category}${behaviorLabel ? ` · ${behaviorLabel}` : ""}`}
+												>
+													{b.meta.reputation ?? "unknown"} · score{" "}
+													{b.meta.score} · {b.meta.category}
+													{behaviorLabel ? ` · ${behaviorLabel}` : ""}
+												</span>
+											)}
+										</span>
+										<form action={unbanAntiddosIp}>
+											<input type="hidden" name="ip" value={b.ip} />
+											<Button type="submit" size="sm" variant="outline">
+												Unban
+											</Button>
+										</form>
+									</div>
+								);
+							})}
 						</div>
 					)}
 				</CardContent>
@@ -642,9 +676,100 @@ export default async function AdminAntiDdosPage() {
 							Verdicts are looked up lazily for IPs that already triggered a
 							rate bucket (never on the per-request hot path), cached for an
 							hour, and blocked IPs show a{" "}
-							<Badge variant="default">CrowdSec</Badge> badge in the list above.
+							<Badge variant="default">CrowdSec</Badge> badge in the list above
+							with the community reasoning (reputation, score, behaviors).
 						</p>
 					)}
+
+					{crowdsecUsage && (
+						<div className="rounded-md border p-3">
+							<p className="text-xs font-medium mb-1">
+								Reputation lookups today
+							</p>
+							{crowdsecUsage.quota > 0 ? (
+								<>
+									<div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+										<div className="h-2 flex-1 overflow-hidden rounded-full bg-muted">
+											<div
+												className="h-full rounded-full"
+												style={{
+													width: `${Math.min(100, (crowdsecUsage.used / crowdsecUsage.quota) * 100)}%`,
+													background: crowdsecUsage.exhausted
+														? "var(--color-destructive)"
+														: crowdsecUsage.used >= crowdsecUsage.quota * 0.8
+															? "var(--admin-accent)"
+															: "var(--color-primary)",
+												}}
+											/>
+										</div>
+										<span
+											className={`text-xs ${crowdsecUsage.exhausted ? "text-destructive" : "text-muted-foreground"}`}
+										>
+											{crowdsecUsage.used.toLocaleString()} /{" "}
+											{crowdsecUsage.quota.toLocaleString()}
+										</span>
+									</div>
+									<p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mt-1">
+										{crowdsecUsage.exhausted
+											? "Quota spent for today — reputation lookups are paused until tomorrow (admin via CROWDSEC_CTI_DAILY_QUOTA)."
+											: "Visible in the env via CROWDSEC_CTI_DAILY_QUOTA (0 = unlimited). Lookups pause at the ceiling to protect the plan."}
+									</p>
+								</>
+							) : (
+								<p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+									Tracking disabled (CROWDSEC_CTI_DAILY_QUOTA = 0 / unlimited).
+								</p>
+							)}
+						</div>
+					)}
+
+					<div className="rounded-md border p-3">
+						<p className="text-xs font-medium mb-1">Community signal push</p>
+						<div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-3">
+							<Badge variant={reportingEnabled ? "default" : "secondary"}>
+								{reportingEnabled ? "Enabled" : "Off"}
+							</Badge>
+							{!reportingEnabled && (
+								<p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+									Set{" "}
+									<span className="font-mono">
+										CROWDSEC_REPORT_ENABLED=true
+									</span>{" "}
+									to share blocked IPs back into the CrowdSec community
+									blocklist. Watcher credentials are auto-generated and
+									persisted in Redis.
+								</p>
+							)}
+							{reportingEnabled && (
+								<p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+									Blocked IPs are pushed to the Central API (deduped per IP) so
+									the community blocklist protects other members too.
+								</p>
+							)}
+							<form action={verifyCrowdsecReportingConfiguration}>
+								<Button
+									type="submit"
+									size="sm"
+									variant="outline"
+									disabled={!reportingEnabled}
+								>
+									Verify channel
+								</Button>
+							</form>
+						</div>
+						{lastReport && (
+							<p className="text-xs mt-2">
+								<Badge variant={lastReport.ok ? "default" : "destructive"}>
+									{lastReport.ok ? "Push healthy" : "Push failed"}
+								</Badge>
+								<span className="ml-2 text-muted-foreground">
+									{lastReport.ok
+										? `Last signal accepted ${new Date(lastReport.at).toLocaleString()}`
+										: `${lastReport.message ?? "unknown"} (${new Date(lastReport.at).toLocaleString()})`}
+								</span>
+							</p>
+						)}
+					</div>
 				</CardContent>
 			</Card>
 

src/env.ts

@@ -177,6 +177,31 @@ const schema = z
 			.int()
 			.positive()
 			.default(86_400),
+		// Daily CTI enrichment quota guard (freemium plan ≈ 10k lookups/day).
+		// The gate stops consulting the API once the counter for today exceeds
+		// it, so a spread DDoS can never silently burn the whole quota; 0
+		// disables the guard.
+		CROWDSEC_CTI_DAILY_QUOTA: z.coerce.number().int().min(0).default(10_000),
+		// Share our own detections back into the CrowdSec community blocklist
+		// (signal push over the Central API). Opt-in: flipping this on publicly
+		// shares blocked IPs + behaviors, so it defaults to off.
+		CROWDSEC_REPORT_ENABLED: z
+			.string()
+			.optional()
+			.transform((value) => value === "true" || value === "1"),
+		// Central API (CAPI) base endpoint; overridden for tests/staging.
+		CROWDSEC_CAPI_BASE_URL: z
+			.string()
+			.url()
+			.default("https://api.crowdsec.net/v3"),
+		// Watcher credentials for signal push. When omitted, a stable pair is
+		// generated once and persisted in Redis (48-char alnum machine id,
+		// per the CAPI schema).
+		CROWDSEC_REPORT_MACHINE_ID: z.string().optional(),
+		CROWDSEC_REPORT_PASSWORD: z.string().optional(),
+		// Optional attachment key from the CrowdSec Console — links our
+		// watcher to your account so pushed signals show up there.
+		CROWDSEC_REPORT_ENROLL_KEY: z.string().optional(),
 	})
 	.superRefine((data, ctx) => {
 		if (data.NODE_ENV !== "production") return;

src/lib/crowdsec-api.test.ts

@@ -3,7 +3,11 @@ import {
 	type CrowdsecVerdict,
 	crowdsecEnabled,
 	getCrowdsecApiConfig,
+	getCrowdsecBlockMeta,
+	getCrowdsecQuotaUsage,
 	getLastCrowdsecVerify,
+	getMemoryVerdictCacheSize,
+	lookupCrowdsecVerdict,
 	maybeAutoBlockCrowdsec,
 	resetCrowdsecCache,
 	setLastCrowdsecVerify,
@@ -34,6 +38,12 @@ vi.mock("@/lib/redis", () => ({
 			for (const key of keys) state.map.delete(key);
 			return keys.length;
 		},
+		incr: async (key: string) => {
+			const next = (Number(state.map.get(key)) || 0) + 1;
+			state.map.set(key, String(next));
+			return next;
+		},
+		expire: async () => 1,
 		pttl: async () => 60_000,
 	},
 	__esModule: true,
@@ -44,6 +54,7 @@ vi.mock("@/lib/logger", () => ({
 		info: vi.fn(),
 		warn: vi.fn(),
 		error: vi.fn(),
+		debug: vi.fn(),
 	},
 }));
 
@@ -419,4 +430,99 @@ describe("crowdsec-api", () => {
 			status,
 		);
 	});
+
+	it("records why it blocked an IP next to the gate key", async () => {
+		vi.stubEnv("CROWDSEC_API_KEY", "cs_key");
+		fetchMock.mockResolvedValue(jsonResponse(maliciousItem(blockIp())));
+
+		await maybeAutoBlockCrowdsec({
+			ip: blockIp(),
+			category: "api",
+			ttlSeconds: 86_400,
+			scoreThreshold: 4,
+			enabled: true,
+		});
+
+		const meta = await getCrowdsecBlockMeta(blockIp());
+		expect(meta).not.toBeNull();
+		expect(meta?.source).toBe("crowdsec");
+		expect(meta?.reputation).toBe("malicious");
+		expect(meta?.score).toBe(5);
+		expect(meta?.behaviors).toEqual(["http:bruteforce", "http:scan"]);
+		expect(meta?.category).toBe("api");
+		expect(meta?.ttlSeconds).toBe(86_400);
+		expect(meta?.blockedAt).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+	});
+
+	it("stops consulting the API once today's quota is spent", async () => {
+		vi.stubEnv("CROWDSEC_API_KEY", "cs_key");
+		vi.stubEnv("CROWDSEC_CTI_DAILY_QUOTA", "2");
+		// Fresh Response per call — a consumed body must never be re-parsed.
+		fetchMock.mockImplementation(() =>
+			Promise.resolve(jsonResponse(maliciousItem(blockIp()))),
+		);
+
+		await maybeAutoBlockCrowdsec({
+			ip: blockIp(),
+			category: "api",
+			ttlSeconds: 600,
+			scoreThreshold: 4,
+			enabled: true,
+		});
+		await maybeAutoBlockCrowdsec({
+			ip: "198.51.100.2",
+			category: "api",
+			ttlSeconds: 600,
+			scoreThreshold: 4,
+			enabled: true,
+		});
+		expect(fetchMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+		expect(state.map.get(`antiddos:block:198.51.100.2`)).toBe("crowdsec");
+
+		// Third bucket-tripping IP arrives after the quota counter hit 2.
+		await maybeAutoBlockCrowdsec({
+			ip: "198.51.100.3",
+			category: "api",
+			ttlSeconds: 600,
+			scoreThreshold: 4,
+			enabled: true,
+		});
+		expect(fetchMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+		expect(state.map.has(`antiddos:block:198.51.100.3`)).toBe(false);
+
+		const usage = await getCrowdsecQuotaUsage();
+		expect(usage.quota).toBe(2);
+		expect(usage.used).toBe(2);
+		expect(usage.exhausted).toBe(true);
+	});
+
+	it("exposes today's quota usage for the admin panel", async () => {
+		vi.stubEnv("CROWDSEC_CTI_DAILY_QUOTA", "10000");
+		const before = await getCrowdsecQuotaUsage();
+		expect(before.quota).toBe(10000);
+		expect(before.used).toBe(0);
+		expect(before.exhausted).toBe(false);
+		expect(before.date).toMatch(/^\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}$/);
+
+		state.map.set(`crowdsec:usage:${before.date}`, "9876");
+		const after = await getCrowdsecQuotaUsage();
+		expect(after.used).toBe(9876);
+	});
+
+	it("caps the in-process verdict cache so it cannot grow forever", async () => {
+		vi.stubEnv("CROWDSEC_API_KEY", "cs_key");
+		vi.stubEnv("CROWDSEC_CTI_DAILY_QUOTA", "0");
+		fetchMock.mockImplementation((url: string | URL) =>
+			Promise.resolve(
+				jsonResponse(maliciousItem(String(url).split("/").pop() ?? "ip")),
+			),
+		);
+
+		// One lookup per distinct IP (never cached before), exceeding the cap —
+		// the oldest entries are evicted first, so the cache stays bounded.
+		for (let i = 0; i < 2100; i += 1) {
+			await lookupCrowdsecVerdict(`198.51.100.${i}`);
+		}
+		expect(getMemoryVerdictCacheSize()).toBe(2000);
+	});
 });

src/lib/crowdsec-api.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import "server-only";
 
 import { env } from "@/env";
+import { reportCrowdsecSignal } from "@/lib/crowdsec-report";
 import { logger } from "@/lib/logger";
 import { redis } from "@/lib/redis";
 import { UNKNOWN_CLIENT_IP } from "./client-ip";
@@ -28,9 +29,15 @@ import { UNKNOWN_CLIENT_IP } from "./client-ip";
  * Credentials come from env only (`CROWDSEC_API_KEY`) and are never written
  * into the admin-visible config — same contract as the Cloudflare token.
  *
- * Note: sharing our own blocks back into the community (signal push) is not
+ * Quota guard: every enrichment call counts against a per-day Redis counter so
- * part of this module — CrowdSec's report channel requires a full Security
+ * a spread DDoS (many distinct IPs tripping buckets) can exhaust the day's
- * Engine / CAPI machine enrollment, not a CTI API key.
+ * freemium quota only until the configured ceiling, after which lookups pause
+ * until tomorrow instead of hammering a 429 wall.
+ *
+ * Sharing detections back: after a block is created this module fires the
+ * signal push in `@/lib/crowdsec-report` (Central API watcher login + POST
+ * /signals), strictly opt-in via CROWDSEC_REPORT_ENABLED and always
+ * fire-and-forget.
  */
 
 export class CrowdsecApiError extends Error {}
@@ -70,6 +77,27 @@ export interface CrowdsecConnectionStatus {
 	at: number;
 }
 
+/** Why a CrowdSec-sourced block exists — persisted next to the block key. */
+export interface CrowdsecBlockMeta {
+	source: typeof CROWDSEC_BLOCK_SOURCE;
+	category: string;
+	reputation: CrowdsecReputation | null;
+	score: number;
+	behaviors: string[];
+	ttlSeconds: number;
+	blockedAt: number;
+}
+
+/** Daily CTI usage counter as shown in the admin panel. */
+export interface CrowdsecQuotaUsage {
+	/** UTC calendar day the counter belongs to (YYYY-MM-DD). */
+	date: string;
+	used: number;
+	/** 0 = unlimited. */
+	quota: number;
+	exhausted: boolean;
+}
+
 /** Value written into the shared block key so the admin UI can label the source. */
 export const CROWDSEC_BLOCK_SOURCE = "crowdsec";
 
@@ -82,6 +110,13 @@ const AUTH_BACKOFF_MS = 300_000;
 const VERDICT_PREFIX = "crowdsec:cti:";
 const LOOKUP_LOCK_PREFIX = "crowdsec:lock:";
 const LAST_VERIFY_KEY = "crowdsec:last-verify";
+const BLOCK_META_PREFIX = "antiddos:block:meta:";
+const QUOTA_PREFIX = "crowdsec:usage:";
+const QUOTA_KEY_TTL_SECONDS = 48 * 3_600;
+/** In-process verdict cache cap so a flood of distinct IPs cannot grow it forever. */
+const MEMORY_VERDICT_CACHE_MAX = 2_000;
+/** Warn at this fraction of the daily quota, once per day. */
+const QUOTA_WARN_RATIO = 0.8;
 /** Well-known, community-safe address used by the admin "verify" button. */
 const PROBE_IP = "1.1.1.1";
 
@@ -197,6 +232,26 @@ export function verdictIsMalicious(
 
 const memoryVerdicts = new Map<string, CrowdsecVerdict>();
 
+/**
+ * Insert/refresh an in-process verdict while keeping the cache bounded: Map
+ * iteration order is insertion order, so the oldest (leftmost) entry is
+ * dropped first and re-inserted entries are refreshed to the back.
+ */
+function rememberVerdict(verdict: CrowdsecVerdict): void {
+	memoryVerdicts.delete(verdict.ip);
+	memoryVerdicts.set(verdict.ip, verdict);
+	while (memoryVerdicts.size > MEMORY_VERDICT_CACHE_MAX) {
+		const oldest = memoryVerdicts.keys().next();
+		if (oldest.done) break;
+		memoryVerdicts.delete(oldest.value);
+	}
+}
+
+/** Test hook only — reports the bounded in-process cache size. */
+export function getMemoryVerdictCacheSize(): number {
+	return memoryVerdicts.size;
+}
+
 function verdictKey(ip: string): string {
 	return `${VERDICT_PREFIX}${ip}`;
 }
@@ -211,7 +266,7 @@ async function readVerdictCache(ip: string): Promise<CrowdsecVerdict | null> {
 			const raw = await redis.get(verdictKey(ip));
 			if (raw) {
 				const parsed = JSON.parse(raw) as CrowdsecVerdict;
-				memoryVerdicts.set(ip, parsed);
+				rememberVerdict(parsed);
 				return parsed;
 			}
 		} catch {
@@ -222,7 +277,7 @@ async function readVerdictCache(ip: string): Promise<CrowdsecVerdict | null> {
 }
 
 async function writeVerdictCache(verdict: CrowdsecVerdict): Promise<void> {
-	memoryVerdicts.set(verdict.ip, verdict);
+	rememberVerdict(verdict);
 	if (redis) {
 		try {
 			await redis.set(
@@ -256,11 +311,79 @@ async function acquireLookupLock(ip: string): Promise<boolean> {
 }
 
 let backoffUntil = 0;
+let quotaWarnedDate: string | null = null;
+
+function quotaDate(): string {
+	return new Date().toISOString().slice(0, 10);
+}
+
+function quotaKey(date: string): string {
+	return `${QUOTA_PREFIX}${date}`;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Today's configured ceiling. Coerced because tests run with
+ * SKIP_ENV_VALIDATION (raw process.env strings, no zod defaults) while
+ * production gets a parsed number. 0 (or unset) = unlimited.
+ */
+function dailyQuota(): number {
+	const raw = Number(env.CROWDSEC_CTI_DAILY_QUOTA ?? 0);
+	return Number.isFinite(raw) && raw > 0 ? raw : 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Today's CTI usage against the configured daily ceiling. Counted in Redis so
+ * every instance shares one budget.
+ */
+export async function getCrowdsecQuotaUsage(): Promise<CrowdsecQuotaUsage> {
+	const date = quotaDate();
+	const quota = dailyQuota();
+	let used = 0;
+	if (redis) {
+		try {
+			used = Number((await redis.get(quotaKey(date))) ?? 0);
+			if (!Number.isFinite(used)) used = 0;
+		} catch {
+			// counter unavailable — report zero rather than blocking the admin
+		}
+	}
+	return { date, used, quota, exhausted: quota > 0 && used >= quota };
+}
+
+async function reserveQuota(): Promise<boolean> {
+	const quota = dailyQuota();
+	if (quota <= 0) return true;
+	const date = quotaDate();
+	const usage = await getCrowdsecQuotaUsage();
+	if (usage.used >= quota) {
+		// Stop consulting the API for the rest of the day: a flood of distinct
+		// bucket-tripping IPs would otherwise burn every remaining call and
+		// then sit in a 429 storm anyway.
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (usage.used >= quota * QUOTA_WARN_RATIO && quotaWarnedDate !== date) {
+		quotaWarnedDate = date;
+		logger.warn("[crowdsec-api] CTI daily quota nearing its limit", {
+			used: usage.used,
+			quota,
+		});
+	}
+	if (redis) {
+		try {
+			await redis.incr(quotaKey(date));
+			await redis.expire(quotaKey(date), QUOTA_KEY_TTL_SECONDS);
+		} catch {
+			// best effort — an uncounted call is better than a failed lookup
+		}
+	}
+	return true;
+}
 
 /**
  * Community reputation verdict for an IP, from cache when possible. Returns
- * null when the API is not configured, the lookup failed, or the API is in
+ * null when the API is not configured, the lookup failed, the API is in
- * backoff — never throws, so it is safe on the gate's hot path.
+ * backoff, or today's quota is spent — never throws, so it is safe on the
+ * gate's hot path.
  */
 export async function lookupCrowdsecVerdict(
 	ip: string,
@@ -284,6 +407,15 @@ export async function lookupCrowdsecVerdict(
 		const raced = await readVerdictCache(ip);
 		if (raced) return raced;
 
+		// Cache miss costs a paid call — reserve against today's quota first.
+		if (!(await reserveQuota())) {
+			logger.warn(
+				"[crowdsec-api] CTI daily quota exhausted — pausing lookups until tomorrow",
+				{ quota: dailyQuota() },
+			);
+			return null;
+		}
+
 		const response = await crowdsecRequest(`/smoke/${encodeURIComponent(ip)}`);
 
 		if (response.status === 404) {
@@ -358,6 +490,27 @@ export async function maybeAutoBlockCrowdsec(input: {
 		if (existingTtl >= ttlSeconds * 1000) return;
 
 		await redis.set(blockKey, CROWDSEC_BLOCK_SOURCE, "EX", ttlSeconds);
+		// Record why this block exists so the admin panel can surface the
+		// community reasoning (reputation, score, behaviors) for the IP.
+		const meta: CrowdsecBlockMeta = {
+			source: CROWDSEC_BLOCK_SOURCE,
+			category,
+			reputation: verdict.reputation,
+			score: verdict.score,
+			behaviors: verdict.behaviors,
+			ttlSeconds,
+			blockedAt: Date.now(),
+		};
+		try {
+			await redis.set(
+				`${BLOCK_META_PREFIX}${ip}`,
+				JSON.stringify(meta),
+				"EX",
+				ttlSeconds,
+			);
+		} catch {
+			// metadata is display sugar only — the block itself is already set.
+		}
 		// CrowdSec only records the block in the gate's own key. It never
 		// creates Cloudflare edge rules — the gate's own escalation logic is
 		// the only place that may mirror a host-level block to the edge.
@@ -372,6 +525,9 @@ export async function maybeAutoBlockCrowdsec(input: {
 				behaviors: verdict.behaviors,
 			},
 		);
+		// Opt-in community signal push (CAPI), fire-and-forget: never awaited,
+		// never throws, and internally deduped per IP.
+		void reportCrowdsecSignal({ ip, category, ttlSeconds, verdict, meta });
 	} catch (error) {
 		logger.error("[crowdsec-api] Automatic IP block failed", {
 			ip,
@@ -461,9 +617,24 @@ export async function setLastCrowdsecVerify(
 	}
 }
 
+/** Why an IP is blocked by CrowdSec, when known. */
+export async function getCrowdsecBlockMeta(
+	ip: string,
+): Promise<CrowdsecBlockMeta | null> {
+	if (!redis) return null;
+	try {
+		const raw = await redis.get(`${BLOCK_META_PREFIX}${ip}`);
+		if (!raw) return null;
+		return JSON.parse(raw) as CrowdsecBlockMeta;
+	} catch {
+		return null;
+	}
+}
+
 /** Test hook only — drop in-memory state between unit runs. */
 export function resetCrowdsecCache(): void {
 	memoryVerdicts.clear();
 	backoffUntil = 0;
+	quotaWarnedDate = null;
 	lastVerifyMemory = null;
 }

src/lib/crowdsec-report.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,280 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import type { CrowdsecVerdict } from "./crowdsec-api";
+import {
+	type CrowdsecReportStatus,
+	crowdsecReportEnabled,
+	getLastCrowdsecReport,
+	reportCrowdsecSignal,
+	resetCrowdsecReportCache,
+	verifyCrowdsecReporting,
+} from "./crowdsec-report";
+
+// The signal-push watcher is tested against a deterministic in-memory Redis
+// fake (NX lock + token cache) and a mocked fetch that routes the CAPI paths.
+const state = vi.hoisted(() => ({ map: new Map<string, string>() }));
+
+vi.mock("@/lib/redis", () => ({
+	redis: {
+		get: async (key: string) => state.map.get(key) ?? null,
+		set: async (
+			key: string,
+			value: string,
+			_mode?: string,
+			_seconds?: number,
+			nx?: string,
+		) => {
+			if (nx === "NX" && state.map.has(key)) return null;
+			state.map.set(key, value);
+			return "OK";
+		},
+		del: async (...keys: string[]) => {
+			for (const key of keys) state.map.delete(key);
+			return keys.length;
+		},
+	},
+	__esModule: true,
+}));
+
+vi.mock("@/lib/logger", () => ({
+	logger: {
+		info: vi.fn(),
+		warn: vi.fn(),
+		error: vi.fn(),
+		debug: vi.fn(),
+	},
+}));
+
+const CAPI = "https://capi.example.test/v3";
+const MACHINE = "m".repeat(48);
+const PASSWORD = "Strong!1P@ssw0rdStrong!1P@ssw0rd";
+
+function jsonResponse(body: unknown, status = 200): Response {
+	return new Response(JSON.stringify(body), {
+		status,
+		headers: { "content-type": "application/json" },
+	});
+}
+
+function signalInput(ip = "198.51.100.9") {
+	const verdict: CrowdsecVerdict = {
+		ip,
+		reputation: "malicious",
+		score: 5,
+		aggressiveness: 4,
+		confidence: "0.95",
+		behaviors: ["http:bruteforce", "http:scan"],
+		falsePositive: false,
+		checkedAt: Date.now(),
+	};
+	return {
+		ip,
+		category: "api",
+		ttlSeconds: 86_400,
+		verdict,
+		meta: {
+			source: "crowdsec" as const,
+			category: "api",
+			reputation: verdict.reputation,
+			score: verdict.score,
+			behaviors: verdict.behaviors,
+			ttlSeconds: 86_400,
+			blockedAt: Date.now(),
+		},
+	};
+}
+
+describe("crowdsec-report", () => {
+	let fetchMock: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>;
+
+	function routeCapi(overrides: Record<string, number> = {}) {
+		const statusFor = (path: string) =>
+			overrides[path] ?? (path === "/signals" ? 200 : 200);
+		fetchMock.mockImplementation((url: string) => {
+			const path = String(url).replace(CAPI, "");
+			const status = statusFor(path);
+			if (status !== 200) {
+				return Promise.resolve(jsonResponse({ message: "boom" }, status));
+			}
+			if (path === "/watchers/login") {
+				return Promise.resolve(
+					jsonResponse({
+						token: "jwt-xyz",
+						expire: new Date(Date.now() + 3_600_000).toISOString(),
+					}),
+				);
+			}
+			return Promise.resolve(jsonResponse({}));
+		});
+	}
+
+	beforeEach(() => {
+		vi.unstubAllGlobals();
+		vi.unstubAllEnvs();
+		state.map.clear();
+		resetCrowdsecReportCache();
+		fetchMock = vi.fn();
+		vi.stubGlobal("fetch", fetchMock);
+		vi.stubEnv("CROWDSEC_REPORT_ENABLED", "true");
+		vi.stubEnv("CROWDSEC_REPORT_MACHINE_ID", MACHINE);
+		vi.stubEnv("CROWDSEC_REPORT_PASSWORD", PASSWORD);
+		vi.stubEnv("CROWDSEC_CAPI_BASE_URL", CAPI);
+	});
+
+	afterEach(() => {
+		vi.unstubAllGlobals();
+		vi.unstubAllEnvs();
+		state.map.clear();
+		resetCrowdsecReportCache();
+		vi.restoreAllMocks();
+	});
+
+	it("is enabled only when the toggle and credentials are present", async () => {
+		expect(await crowdsecReportEnabled()).toBe(true);
+
+		vi.stubEnv("CROWDSEC_REPORT_ENABLED", "");
+		resetCrowdsecReportCache();
+		expect(await crowdsecReportEnabled()).toBe(false);
+
+		// Machine id supplied but no password: falls back to generating a
+		// stable credential pair persisted in Redis.
+		vi.stubEnv("CROWDSEC_REPORT_ENABLED", "true");
+		vi.stubEnv("CROWDSEC_REPORT_PASSWORD", "");
+		resetCrowdsecReportCache();
+		expect(await crowdsecReportEnabled()).toBe(true);
+		const storedMachine = state.map.get("crowdsec:report:machine");
+		expect(storedMachine).toMatch(/^[A-Za-z0-9]{48}$/);
+		expect(state.map.get("crowdsec:report:pass")).toBeTruthy();
+	});
+
+	it("does nothing when the channel is disabled", async () => {
+		vi.stubEnv("CROWDSEC_REPORT_ENABLED", "");
+		resetCrowdsecReportCache();
+
+		await reportCrowdsecSignal(signalInput());
+		expect(fetchMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+	});
+
+	it("registers once, caches the token and pushes one signal per IP", async () => {
+		routeCapi();
+
+		await reportCrowdsecSignal(signalInput("198.51.100.10"));
+		await reportCrowdsecSignal(signalInput("198.51.100.11"));
+		await reportCrowdsecSignal(signalInput("198.51.100.10"));
+		// Let the fire-and-forget network body land.
+		await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 20));
+
+		const urls = fetchMock.mock.calls.map((call) => String(call[0]));
+		expect(urls.filter((u) => u.endsWith("/watchers/register"))).toHaveLength(
+			1,
+		);
+		expect(urls.filter((u) => u.endsWith("/watchers/login"))).toHaveLength(1);
+		expect(urls.filter((u) => u.endsWith("/signals"))).toHaveLength(2);
+		// No enrollment requested without an attachment key.
+		expect(urls.some((u) => u.endsWith("/watchers/enroll"))).toBe(false);
+	});
+
+	it("builds a well-formed CrowdSec signal with a ban decision", async () => {
+		routeCapi();
+
+		await reportCrowdsecSignal(signalInput());
+		await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 20));
+
+		const signalsCall = fetchMock.mock.calls.find((call) =>
+			String(call[0]).endsWith("/signals"),
+		);
+		expect(signalsCall).toBeDefined();
+		if (!signalsCall) throw new Error("expected a /signals call");
+		const init = signalsCall[1] as {
+			body: string;
+			headers: Record<string, string>;
+		};
+		const body = JSON.parse(init.body) as Record<string, unknown>[];
+		expect(body).toHaveLength(1);
+		const signal = body[0] as {
+			machine_id: string;
+			scenario: string;
+			scenario_version: string;
+			source: { scope: string; value: string; ip: string };
+			decisions: {
+				scope: string;
+				type: string;
+				value: string;
+				duration: string;
+			}[];
+			context: { key: string; value: string }[];
+			created_at: string;
+			start_at: string;
+			stop_at: string;
+		};
+		expect(signal.machine_id).toBe(MACHINE);
+		expect(signal.scenario).toBe("community/anti-ddos-block");
+		expect(signal.scenario_version).toBe("1.0.0");
+		expect(signal.source).toEqual({
+			scope: "ip",
+			value: "198.51.100.9",
+			ip: "198.51.100.9",
+		});
+		expect(signal.decisions).toHaveLength(1);
+		expect(signal.decisions[0]).toMatchObject({
+			origin: "crowdsec",
+			scope: "ip",
+			type: "ban",
+			value: "198.51.100.9",
+		});
+		expect(String(signal.decisions[0].duration)).toMatch(/^24h0m0s$/);
+		for (const key of ["created_at", "start_at", "stop_at"] as const) {
+			expect(typeof signal[key]).toBe("string");
+		}
+		expect(
+			signal.context.find((c) => c.key === "crowdsec_reputation")?.value,
+		).toBe("malicious");
+	});
+
+	it("records a healthy last-report state after a successful push", async () => {
+		routeCapi();
+		await reportCrowdsecSignal(signalInput());
+		await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 20));
+		const last = await getLastCrowdsecReport();
+		expect(last?.ok).toBe(true);
+	});
+
+	it("never throws and logs the failure when the CAPI rejects the signal", async () => {
+		fetchMock.mockImplementation((url: string) => {
+			const path = String(url).replace(CAPI, "");
+			if (path === "/watchers/login") {
+				return Promise.resolve(
+					jsonResponse({
+						token: "jwt-xyz",
+						expire: new Date(Date.now() + 3_600_000).toISOString(),
+					}),
+				);
+			}
+			if (path === "/signals") {
+				return Promise.resolve(jsonResponse({ message: "boom" }, 500));
+			}
+			return Promise.resolve(jsonResponse({}));
+		});
+
+		await expect(reportCrowdsecSignal(signalInput())).resolves.toBeUndefined();
+		await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 20));
+		const last: CrowdsecReportStatus | null = await getLastCrowdsecReport();
+		expect(last?.ok).toBe(false);
+		expect(last?.message).toContain("signal push rejected");
+	});
+
+	it("verifies the watcher channel end to end", async () => {
+		routeCapi();
+		const status = await verifyCrowdsecReporting();
+		expect(status.ok).toBe(true);
+		expect(String(fetchMock.mock.calls[0][0])).toContain("/watchers/register");
+	});
+
+	it("reports a clear reason when verification is impossible", async () => {
+		vi.stubEnv("CROWDSEC_REPORT_ENABLED", "");
+		resetCrowdsecReportCache();
+		const status = await verifyCrowdsecReporting();
+		expect(status.ok).toBe(false);
+		expect(status.message).toContain("CROWDSEC_REPORT_ENABLED");
+		expect(fetchMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+	});
+});

src/lib/crowdsec-report.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,541 @@
+import "server-only";
+
+import { createHash, randomBytes } from "node:crypto";
+import { env } from "@/env";
+import type {
+	CrowdsecBlockMeta,
+	CrowdsecConnectionStatus,
+	CrowdsecVerdict,
+} from "@/lib/crowdsec-api";
+import { logger } from "@/lib/logger";
+import { redis } from "@/lib/redis";
+import { UNKNOWN_CLIENT_IP } from "./client-ip";
+
+/**
+ * CrowdSec Central API (CAPI) signal push — the "give back" side of the
+ * anti-DDoS pipeline.
+ *
+ * When the gate blocks an IP based on the CTI community reputation, this
+ * module reports that detection back to CrowdSec (POST /v3/signals) so the
+ * community blocklist also protects every other member. Strictly opt-in
+ * (CROWDSEC_REPORT_ENABLED) and always fire-and-forget: a failure here never
+ * blocks the hot path, never throws to the caller, and records the last
+ * outcome for the admin panel.
+ *
+ * A plain CTI API key cannot push signals, so we act as a CAPI "watcher":
+ *   1. generate/load a stable 48-char alnum machine_id + password pair
+ *      (persisted in Redis when not provided via env),
+ *   2. register it once (POST /v3/watchers/register),
+ *   3. login to obtain a JWT (POST /v3/watchers/login), cached in Redis and
+ *      refreshed against its expiry,
+ *   4. optional console enrollment via attachment key (POST /v3/watchers/enroll),
+ *   5. push the block as a signal (POST /v3/signals), deduped per IP.
+ */
+
+const API_TIMEOUT_MS = 10_000;
+const TOKEN_CACHE_KEY = "crowdsec:report:token";
+const MACHINE_KEY = "crowdsec:report:machine";
+const PASSWORD_KEY = "crowdsec:report:pass";
+const REGISTERED_KEY = "crowdsec:report:registered";
+const ENROLLED_KEY = "crowdsec:report:enrolled";
+const LAST_REPORT_KEY = "crowdsec:last-report";
+const REPORT_LOCK_PREFIX = "crowdsec:report:";
+/** An IP is only reported once per window — the block itself already deters. */
+const REPORT_DEDUPE_SECONDS = 6 * 3_600;
+const SCENARIO = "community/anti-ddos-block";
+const SCENARIO_VERSION = "1.0.0";
+
+export class CrowdsecReportError extends Error {}
+
+/** True when the reporting channel is switched on AND usable. */
+export async function crowdsecReportEnabled(): Promise<boolean> {
+	// Production parses CROWDSEC_REPORT_ENABLED to a boolean via zod; tests
+	// (SKIP_ENV_VALIDATION) expose the raw env string, so accept both forms.
+	const flag: unknown = env.CROWDSEC_REPORT_ENABLED;
+	if (flag !== true && flag !== "true" && flag !== "1") return false;
+	return (await loadReportCredentials()) !== null;
+}
+
+function isAlnum48(value: string): boolean {
+	return /^[A-Za-z0-9]{48}$/.test(value);
+}
+
+function generateMachineId(): string {
+	// CAPI schema: exactly 48 characters, [A-Za-z0-9].
+	const alphabet =
+		"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789";
+	const bytes = randomBytes(48);
+	let id = "";
+	for (let i = 0; i < 48; i += 1) {
+		id += alphabet[bytes[i] % alphabet.length];
+	}
+	return id;
+}
+
+function generatePassword(): string {
+	// Deliberately generous: each class is present so common password-policy
+	// rules on the CAPI side are satisfied.
+	const upper = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";
+	const lower = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
+	const digits = "0123456789";
+	const symbols = "!@#$%^&*()-_=+[]{};:,.?";
+	const charset = `${upper}${lower}${digits}${symbols}`;
+	const bytes = randomBytes(32);
+	let password = "";
+	for (let i = 0; i < 8; i += 1) {
+		// Guarantee at least one of each class.
+		const pool = [upper, lower, digits, symbols][i % 4];
+		password += pool[bytes[i] % pool.length];
+	}
+	for (let i = 8; i < 32; i += 1) {
+		password += charset[bytes[i] % charset.length];
+	}
+	return password;
+}
+
+interface ReportCredentials {
+	machineId: string;
+	password: string;
+}
+
+let credentialsCache: ReportCredentials | null = null;
+let credentialsMissingRedisWarned = false;
+
+/**
+ * Load the configured watcher credentials, or generate a stable pair and
+ * persist it in Redis so restarts and other instances reuse the same identity.
+ */
+async function loadReportCredentials(): Promise<ReportCredentials | null> {
+	if (credentialsCache) return credentialsCache;
+	const envMachine = env.CROWDSEC_REPORT_MACHINE_ID?.trim();
+	const envPassword = env.CROWDSEC_REPORT_PASSWORD;
+	if (envMachine && envPassword) {
+		credentialsCache = { machineId: envMachine, password: envPassword };
+		return credentialsCache;
+	}
+	if (!redis) {
+		if (!credentialsMissingRedisWarned) {
+			credentialsMissingRedisWarned = true;
+			logger.warn(
+				"[crowdsec-report] Redis is required to persist auto-generated watcher credentials — set CROWDSEC_REPORT_MACHINE_ID and CROWDSEC_REPORT_PASSWORD, or REDIS_URL",
+			);
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+	try {
+		let machineId: string | null = null;
+		let password: string | null = null;
+		const storedMachine = await redis.get(MACHINE_KEY);
+		const storedPassword = await redis.get(PASSWORD_KEY);
+		if (storedMachine && isAlnum48(storedMachine)) machineId = storedMachine;
+		if (storedPassword) password = storedPassword;
+		if (!machineId) machineId = generateMachineId();
+		if (!password) password = generatePassword();
+		await redis.set(MACHINE_KEY, machineId);
+		await redis.set(PASSWORD_KEY, password);
+		credentialsCache = { machineId, password };
+		return credentialsCache;
+	} catch {
+		return null;
+	}
+}
+
+async function capiRequest(
+	path: string,
+	init: { method?: "POST" | "GET"; token?: string; body?: unknown } = {},
+): Promise<Response> {
+	const controller = new AbortController();
+	const timer = setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), API_TIMEOUT_MS);
+	const headers: Record<string, string> = {
+		Accept: "application/json",
+		"Content-Type": "application/json",
+	};
+	if (init.token) headers.Authorization = `Bearer ${init.token}`;
+	try {
+		return await fetch(`${env.CROWDSEC_CAPI_BASE_URL}${path}`, {
+			method: init.method ?? "POST",
+			headers,
+			body: init.body === undefined ? undefined : JSON.stringify(init.body),
+			signal: controller.signal,
+			cache: "no-store",
+		});
+	} finally {
+		clearTimeout(timer);
+	}
+}
+
+async function errorDetail(response: Response): Promise<string> {
+	try {
+		const body = (await response.json()) as { message?: string };
+		return body.message ?? `HTTP ${response.status}`;
+	} catch {
+		return `HTTP ${response.status}`;
+	}
+}
+
+interface CapToken {
+	raw: string;
+	expiresAt: number;
+}
+
+let capToken: CapToken | null = null;
+let tokenPromise: Promise<string> | null = null;
+
+function scenarioHash(): string {
+	return createHash("sha256")
+		.update(`${SCENARIO}:${SCENARIO_VERSION}`)
+		.digest("hex")
+		.slice(0, 16);
+}
+
+async function registerWatcher(
+	machineId: string,
+	password: string,
+): Promise<void> {
+	if (!redis) return;
+	try {
+		const already = await redis.get(REGISTERED_KEY);
+		if (already) return;
+	} catch {
+		// proceed anyway — registering is idempotent-ish (400 = already exists)
+	}
+	const response = await capiRequest("/watchers/register", {
+		body: { machine_id: machineId, password },
+	});
+	if (response.ok || response.status === 400) {
+		try {
+			await redis.set(REGISTERED_KEY, "1", "EX", 30 * 24 * 3_600);
+		} catch {
+			// fine — will just attempt registration again later
+		}
+		return;
+	}
+	throw new CrowdsecReportError(
+		`watcher registration failed (HTTP ${response.status}): ${await errorDetail(response)}`,
+	);
+}
+
+/** Login and cache the JWT; guarded against concurrent logins. */
+async function acquireCapToken(): Promise<string> {
+	if (capToken && capToken.expiresAt > Date.now() + 60_000) {
+		return capToken.raw;
+	}
+	if (tokenPromise) return tokenPromise;
+	const credentials = await loadReportCredentials();
+	if (!credentials) {
+		throw new CrowdsecReportError(
+			"CrowdSec reporting is not configured (no watcher credentials)",
+		);
+	}
+
+	tokenPromise = (async () => {
+		if (capToken && capToken.expiresAt > Date.now() + 60_000) {
+			return capToken.raw;
+		}
+		if (redis) {
+			try {
+				const cached = await redis.get(TOKEN_CACHE_KEY);
+				if (cached) {
+					const parsed = JSON.parse(cached) as CapToken;
+					if (parsed.expiresAt > Date.now() + 60_000) {
+						capToken = parsed;
+						return parsed.raw;
+					}
+				}
+			} catch {
+				// fall through to a fresh login
+			}
+		}
+
+		// First signal push needs the watcher to exist on the CAPI.
+		await registerWatcher(credentials.machineId, credentials.password);
+
+		const response = await capiRequest("/watchers/login", {
+			body: {
+				machine_id: credentials.machineId,
+				password: credentials.password,
+				scenarios: [SCENARIO],
+			},
+		});
+		if (!response.ok) {
+			throw new CrowdsecReportError(
+				`CAPI watcher login failed (HTTP ${response.status}): ${await errorDetail(response)}`,
+			);
+		}
+		const body = (await response.json()) as { token?: string; expire?: string };
+		if (!body.token) {
+			throw new CrowdsecReportError("CAPI watcher login returned no token");
+		}
+		let expiresAt = Date.now() + 3_600_000;
+		const expire = body.expire ? Date.parse(body.expire) : NaN;
+		if (Number.isFinite(expire) && expire > Date.now()) {
+			expiresAt = expire;
+		}
+		const token: CapToken = { raw: body.token, expiresAt };
+		capToken = token;
+		if (redis) {
+			try {
+				await redis.set(TOKEN_CACHE_KEY, JSON.stringify(token), "EX", 3_600);
+			} catch {
+				// in-process view is enough
+			}
+		}
+		return token.raw;
+	})().finally(() => {
+		tokenPromise = null;
+	});
+
+	return tokenPromise;
+}
+
+async function enrollWatcher(token: string): Promise<void> {
+	const attachmentKey = env.CROWDSEC_REPORT_ENROLL_KEY?.trim();
+	if (!attachmentKey) return;
+	if (!redis) return;
+	try {
+		const enrolled = await redis.get(ENROLLED_KEY);
+		if (enrolled) return;
+	} catch {
+		// best effort below
+	}
+	try {
+		const response = await capiRequest("/watchers/enroll", {
+			token,
+			body: { attachment_key: attachmentKey, name: "atomcms-next" },
+		});
+		if (response.ok) {
+			try {
+				await redis.set(ENROLLED_KEY, "1", "EX", 30 * 24 * 3_600);
+			} catch {
+				// best effort
+			}
+		}
+	} catch (error) {
+		// Enrollment only affects Console visibility — not worth failing a push.
+		logger.debug("[crowdsec-report] Console enrollment skipped", {
+			err: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+		});
+	}
+}
+
+function formatCapiDuration(seconds: number): string {
+	const safe = Math.max(1, Math.floor(seconds));
+	const hours = Math.floor(safe / 3_600);
+	const minutes = Math.floor((safe % 3_600) / 60);
+	const rest = safe % 60;
+	if (hours > 0) return `${hours}h${minutes}m${rest}s`;
+	if (minutes > 0) return `${minutes}m${rest}s`;
+	return `${rest}s`;
+}
+
+async function pushSignal(input: {
+	credentials: ReportCredentials;
+	token: string;
+	ip: string;
+	category: string;
+	ttlSeconds: number;
+	verdict: CrowdsecVerdict;
+	meta: CrowdsecBlockMeta;
+}): Promise<CrowdsecReportStatus> {
+	const now = new Date();
+	try {
+		await enrollWatcher(input.token);
+		const duration = formatCapiDuration(input.ttlSeconds);
+		const response = await capiRequest("/signals", {
+			token: input.token,
+			body: [
+				{
+					machine_id: input.credentials.machineId,
+					message: "atomcms-next anti-DDoS gate blocked a community-flagged IP",
+					scenario: SCENARIO,
+					scenario_version: SCENARIO_VERSION,
+					scenario_hash: scenarioHash(),
+					created_at: now.toISOString(),
+					start_at: now.toISOString(),
+					stop_at: now.toISOString(),
+					source: { scope: "ip", value: input.ip, ip: input.ip },
+					decisions: [
+						{
+							id: 0,
+							origin: "crowdsec",
+							scenario: SCENARIO,
+							scope: "ip",
+							type: "ban",
+							value: input.ip,
+							duration,
+						},
+					],
+					context: [
+						{ key: "crowdsec_category", value: input.category },
+						{
+							key: "crowdsec_reputation",
+							value: input.verdict.reputation ?? "unknown",
+						},
+						{
+							key: "crowdsec_score",
+							value: String(input.verdict.score),
+						},
+						{
+							key: "crowdsec_behaviors",
+							value: input.verdict.behaviors.join(",") || "none",
+						},
+					],
+				},
+			],
+		});
+		if (!response.ok) {
+			throw new CrowdsecReportError(
+				`signal push rejected (HTTP ${response.status}): ${await errorDetail(response)}`,
+			);
+		}
+		const status: CrowdsecReportStatus = { ok: true, at: Date.now() };
+		await setLastCrowdsecReport(status);
+		logger.info("[crowdsec-report] Detection shared with the community", {
+			ip: input.ip,
+			category: input.category,
+			ttlSeconds: input.ttlSeconds,
+			score: input.verdict.score,
+		});
+		return status;
+	} catch (error) {
+		const status: CrowdsecReportStatus = {
+			ok: false,
+			at: Date.now(),
+			message: String(error),
+		};
+		await setLastCrowdsecReport(status);
+		logger.error("[crowdsec-report] Signal push failed", {
+			ip: input.ip,
+			err: error,
+		});
+		return status;
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Share a CrowdSec-reputation block back into the community. Safe to call
+ * fire-and-forget: does nothing when reporting is off, never throws, and
+ * dedupes so the same IP is only reported once per window.
+ */
+export async function reportCrowdsecSignal(input: {
+	ip: string;
+	category: string;
+	ttlSeconds: number;
+	verdict: CrowdsecVerdict;
+	meta: CrowdsecBlockMeta;
+}): Promise<void> {
+	const { ip, category, ttlSeconds, verdict, meta } = input;
+	if (!(await crowdsecReportEnabled())) return;
+	if (!ip || ip === UNKNOWN_CLIENT_IP) return;
+	const credentials = await loadReportCredentials();
+	if (!credentials) return;
+
+	try {
+		if (redis) {
+			// Cross-instance dedupe: one report per IP per window.
+			const acquired = await redis.set(
+				`${REPORT_LOCK_PREFIX}${ip}`,
+				"1",
+				"EX",
+				REPORT_DEDUPE_SECONDS,
+				"NX",
+			);
+			if (acquired !== "OK") return;
+		}
+		const token = await acquireCapToken();
+		await pushSignal({
+			credentials,
+			token,
+			ip,
+			category,
+			ttlSeconds,
+			verdict,
+			meta,
+		});
+	} catch (error) {
+		logger.error("[crowdsec-report] Signal push preparation failed", {
+			ip,
+			err: error,
+		});
+	}
+}
+
+export interface CrowdsecReportStatus {
+	ok: boolean;
+	message?: string;
+	at: number;
+}
+
+let lastReportMemory: CrowdsecReportStatus | null = null;
+
+export async function getLastCrowdsecReport(): Promise<CrowdsecReportStatus | null> {
+	if (redis) {
+		try {
+			const raw = await redis.get(LAST_REPORT_KEY);
+			if (raw) return JSON.parse(raw) as CrowdsecReportStatus;
+		} catch {
+			// fall back to the in-process view
+		}
+	}
+	return lastReportMemory;
+}
+
+export async function setLastCrowdsecReport(
+	status: CrowdsecReportStatus,
+): Promise<void> {
+	lastReportMemory = status;
+	if (redis) {
+		try {
+			await redis.set(
+				LAST_REPORT_KEY,
+				JSON.stringify(status),
+				"EX",
+				48 * 3_600,
+			);
+		} catch {
+			// in-process view is enough
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/** Probe the full register → login path and report the outcome for the admin. */
+export async function verifyCrowdsecReporting(): Promise<CrowdsecConnectionStatus> {
+	if (!env.CROWDSEC_REPORT_ENABLED) {
+		return {
+			ok: false,
+			message: "CROWDSEC_REPORT_ENABLED is not set",
+			at: Date.now(),
+		};
+	}
+	const credentials = await loadReportCredentials();
+	if (!credentials) {
+		return {
+			ok: false,
+			message:
+				"CrowdSec reporting is not configured (set CROWDSEC_REPORT_MACHINE_ID + CROWDSEC_REPORT_PASSWORD, or REDIS_URL)",
+			at: Date.now(),
+		};
+	}
+	try {
+		await acquireCapToken();
+		return {
+			ok: true,
+			message: "CAPI watcher connected — signal push ready",
+			at: Date.now(),
+		};
+	} catch (error) {
+		return {
+			ok: false,
+			message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+			at: Date.now(),
+		};
+	}
+}
+
+/** Test hook only. */
+export function resetCrowdsecReportCache(): void {
+	credentialsCache = null;
+	capToken = null;
+	tokenPromise = null;
+	lastReportMemory = null;
+}