fix(imaging): make avatar and badge images resilient to upstream outages

- Add persistent disk cache for rendered avatars/badges (storage/imaging)
  so repeats never touch the flaky local renderer and cached renders
  survive upstream downtime
- Serve cache-first with stale-on-error; cut primary/fallback timeouts
  from 10s/6s to 4s/4s so failing images cannot stall pages
- Avatar proxy now returns a graceful 200 silhouette instead of 502 when
  no renderer can produce a figure, so no broken-image glyphs appear
- Badge endpoint becomes a caching proxy trying configured CDN, public
  Habbo CDN and local /swf copy in order, and drops the fragile IP rate
  limit that could blank badge streams
- Route all site badge images (profile, me, badges, apply pages) through
  the cached proxy instead of hot-linking images.habbo.com

src/app/(site)/apply/staff/page.tsx

@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ export async function generateMetadata(): Promise<Metadata> {
 	};
 }
 
-// Canonical Habbo badge image CDN (same base used by the profile page).
-const BADGE_IMG_BASE = "https://images.habbo.com/c_images/album1584";
+// Badge codes map to a .gif served through the cached proxy.
+const BADGE_IMG_BASE = "/api/imaging/badge?code";
 
 function feedbackStyle(tone: "success" | "error"): CSSProperties {
 	const accent =
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ export default async function ApplyStaffPage({
 									{team?.badge ? (
 										/* eslint-disable-next-line @next/next/no-img-element */
 										<img
-											src={`${BADGE_IMG_BASE}/${team.badge}.gif`}
+											src={`${BADGE_IMG_BASE}=${encodeURIComponent(team.badge)}`}
 											alt={rankName}
 											width={40}
 											height={40}

src/app/(site)/apply/team/page.tsx

@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ export async function generateMetadata(): Promise<Metadata> {
 	};
 }
 
-// Canonical Habbo badge image CDN (same base used by the profile page).
-const BADGE_IMG_BASE = "https://images.habbo.com/c_images/album1584";
+// Badge codes map to a .gif served through the cached proxy.
+const BADGE_IMG_BASE = "/api/imaging/badge?code";
 
 function feedbackStyle(tone: "success" | "error"): CSSProperties {
 	const accent =
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ export default async function ApplyTeamPage({
 									{team.badge ? (
 										/* eslint-disable-next-line @next/next/no-img-element */
 										<img
-											src={`${BADGE_IMG_BASE}/${team.badge}.gif`}
+											src={`${BADGE_IMG_BASE}=${encodeURIComponent(team.badge)}`}
 											alt={team.rankName}
 											width={40}
 											height={40}

src/app/(site)/badges/page.tsx

@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ export async function generateMetadata(): Promise<Metadata> {
 	};
 }
 
-// Canonical Habbo badge image CDN. A badge_key (e.g. "ADM") maps to a .gif here.
-const BADGE_IMG_BASE = "https://images.habbo.com/c_images/album1584";
+// A badge_key (e.g. "ADM") maps to a .gif served through the cached proxy.
+const BADGE_IMG_BASE = "/api/imaging/badge?code";
 
 export default async function BadgesPage() {
 	const t = await getTranslations("pages.badges");
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ export default async function BadgesPage() {
 							>
 								{/* eslint-disable-next-line @next/next/no-img-element */}
 								<img
-									src={`${BADGE_IMG_BASE}/${badge.badgeKey}.gif`}
+									src={`${BADGE_IMG_BASE}=${encodeURIComponent(badge.badgeKey)}`}
 									alt={badge.badgeName}
 									title={badge.badgeKey}
 									width={40}

src/app/(site)/me/page.tsx

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import { ProfileImage } from "@/components/shared/profile-image";
 import { UserAvatarThumbnail } from "@/components/shared/user-avatar-thumbnail";
 import { SurfaceCard } from "@/components/surface-card";
 import { auth } from "@/lib/auth";
-import { avatarImageUrl, slugify } from "@/lib/format";
+import { avatarImageUrl, badgeImageUrl, slugify } from "@/lib/format";
 import { withPublicPagePerformance } from "@/lib/public-page-performance";
 import { loadDailyRewardState } from "@/lib/services/daily-rewards";
 import { loadUserDashboard } from "@/lib/services/user-dashboard";
@@ -456,7 +456,7 @@ async function MePage({
 								{badges.map((badge) => (
 									<img
 										key={badge.badgeCode}
-										src={`https://images.habbo.com/c_images/album1584/${encodeURIComponent(badge.badgeCode)}.gif`}
+										src={badgeImageUrl(badge.badgeCode)}
 										alt={badge.badgeCode}
 										title={badge.badgeCode}
 										width={40}

src/app/(site)/u/[username]/page.tsx

@@ -71,8 +71,8 @@ export async function generateMetadata({
 	};
 }
 
-// Canonical Habbo badge image CDN. Badge codes (e.g. "ADM") map to a .gif here.
-const BADGE_IMG_BASE = "https://images.habbo.com/c_images/album1584";
+// Badge codes (e.g. "ADM") map to a .gif served through the cached proxy.
+const BADGE_IMG_BASE = "/api/imaging/badge?code";
 
 // Emulator currency type ids (see UsersCurrency model): Duckets=0, Diamonds=5.
 const CURRENCY_DUCKETS = 0;
@@ -514,12 +514,7 @@ async function ProfilePage({
 											<details key={b.id} className={styles.badge}>
 												<summary title={name}>
 													<img
-														src={
-															BADGE_IMG_BASE +
-															"/" +
-															encodeURIComponent(b.badgeCode) +
-															".gif"
-														}
+														src={`${BADGE_IMG_BASE}=${encodeURIComponent(b.badgeCode)}`}
 														alt={name}
 														width={40}
 														height={40}

src/app/api/imaging/avatar/route.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,33 @@
 import { type NextRequest, NextResponse } from "next/server";
-import { fetchAvatarImage, parseAvatarQuery } from "@/lib/imager-upstream";
+import { AVATAR_FALLBACK_SRC } from "@/lib/imager";
+import {
+	fetchAvatarImage,
+	ImagerUnavailableError,
+	parseAvatarQuery,
+} from "@/lib/imager-upstream";
+
+// The same neutral silhouette the client fallback uses, served as a real 200
+// response when no upstream can render the figure. Images on server-rendered
+// pages therefore never show a broken-image glyph; browsers revalidate quickly
+// (`no-cache`) and pick up real renders as soon as an upstream recovers.
+const PLACEHOLDER_SVG_BYTES = new TextEncoder().encode(
+	decodeURIComponent(
+		AVATAR_FALLBACK_SRC.slice("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,".length),
+	),
+);
+
+function cacheControlFor(source: string): string {
+	switch (source) {
+		case "fallback":
+		case "cache-stale":
+			// Reuse the render briefly but revalidate the upstream soon.
+			return "public, max-age=300";
+		case "unavailable":
+			return "no-cache, max-age=0";
+		default:
+			return "public, max-age=3600";
+	}
+}
 
 export async function GET(request: NextRequest) {
 	const { searchParams } = new URL(request.url);
@@ -20,17 +48,24 @@ export async function GET(request: NextRequest) {
 			headers: {
 				"Content-Type": contentType,
 				"Content-Length": String(body.length),
-				// Fallback renders are served with a short TTL so the configured
-				// imager is retried soon instead of being masked for hours.
-				"Cache-Control":
-					source === "fallback"
-						? "public, max-age=300"
-						: "public, max-age=3600",
+				"Cache-Control": cacheControlFor(source),
 				"X-Imager-Source": source,
 				"Access-Control-Allow-Origin": "*",
 			},
 		});
-	} catch {
+	} catch (error) {
+		if (error instanceof ImagerUnavailableError) {
+			return new NextResponse(PLACEHOLDER_SVG_BYTES as unknown as BodyInit, {
+				status: 200,
+				headers: {
+					"Content-Type": "image/svg+xml",
+					"Content-Length": String(PLACEHOLDER_SVG_BYTES.length),
+					"Cache-Control": cacheControlFor("unavailable"),
+					"X-Imager-Source": "unavailable",
+					"Access-Control-Allow-Origin": "*",
+				},
+			});
+		}
 		return NextResponse.json(
 			{ error: "Failed to fetch avatar from upstream" },
 			{ status: 502 },

src/app/api/imaging/badge/route.ts

@@ -1,28 +1,38 @@
+import { readFile } from "node:fs/promises";
+import { join } from "node:path";
 import { type NextRequest, NextResponse } from "next/server";
-import { clientIp, rateLimit } from "@/lib/rate-limit";
+import {
+	badgeCacheDir,
+	imagingCacheKey,
+	readImagingCache,
+	writeImagingCache,
+} from "@/lib/imager-cache";
 import { resolveBadgeBase } from "@/lib/runtime-asset-config";
 import { siteSettings } from "@/lib/services/site-settings";
 
 /**
- * GET /api/imaging/badge?code=ADM
+ * GET /api/imaging/badge?code=ADM[&source=local]
  *
- * Resolves a Habbo badge code to its image URL and redirects there.
+ * Resolves a Habbo badge code to its image and serves it through a local
+ * caching proxy. Candidates are tried in order (configured CDN, public Habbo
+ * CDN, local `/swf` copy), so a flaky images.habbo.com never blanks a badge
+ * and every badge renders exactly once anywhere on the site.
  */
 
 const CODE_RE = /^[A-Za-z0-9_+.-]+$/;
 const CODE_MAX_LEN = 50;
 const DEFAULT_BASE = "https://images.habbo.com/c_images/album1584";
+const LOCAL_SWF_BASE = "/swf/c_images/album1584";
+const FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS = 5_000;
+
+// Neutral placeholder (grey rounded square) served as a 200 so broken badge
+// glyphs can never appear, even when every candidate is unavailable.
+const BADGE_PLACEHOLDER_SVG =
+	"<svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 40 25'><rect width='40' height='25' rx='4' fill='%23e2e2e2'/></svg>";
+
+type BadgeSource = "upstream" | "local" | "cache" | "unavailable";
 
 export async function GET(request: NextRequest) {
-	const ip = await clientIp();
-	const limited = await rateLimit(`badge-imaging:${ip}`, 60, 60_000);
-	if (!limited.ok) {
-		return new NextResponse(null, {
-			status: 429,
-			headers: { "Retry-After": String(limited.retryAfter) },
-		});
-	}
-
 	const code = request.nextUrl.searchParams.get("code")?.trim();
 	if (!code || code.length > CODE_MAX_LEN || !CODE_RE.test(code)) {
 		return NextResponse.json({ error: "Invalid badge code" }, { status: 400 });
@@ -32,21 +42,110 @@ export async function GET(request: NextRequest) {
 		(resolveBadgeBase() || (await siteSettings.get("badge_base_url", ""))) ??
 		""
 	).trim();
-	const fallback =
-		request.nextUrl.searchParams.get("source") === "local"
-			? "/swf/c_images/album1584"
-			: DEFAULT_BASE;
-	const base = (configured || fallback).replace(/\/+$/, "");
-	const isAbsolute = /^https?:\/\//i.test(base);
-	const target = `${base}/${code}.gif`;
-	const absoluteTarget = isAbsolute
-		? target
-		: new URL(target, request.nextUrl.origin).toString();
+	const sourceLocal = request.nextUrl.searchParams.get("source") === "local";
 
-	return NextResponse.redirect(absoluteTarget, {
-		status: 302,
+	const candidates: string[] = sourceLocal
+		? [LOCAL_SWF_BASE, DEFAULT_BASE]
+		: [
+				...((configured && [configured]) as string[]),
+				DEFAULT_BASE,
+				LOCAL_SWF_BASE,
+			];
+
+	const cacheKey = imagingCacheKey(`${code}\n${candidates.join("\n")}`);
+	const cached = await readImagingCache(badgeCacheDir(), cacheKey);
+	if (cached) return badgeResponse(cached.body, cached.contentType, "cache");
+
+	for (const base of candidates) {
+		const result = await fetchCandidate(base, code);
+		if (result) {
+			await writeImagingCache(
+				badgeCacheDir(),
+				cacheKey,
+				result.body,
+				result.contentType,
+			);
+			return badgeResponse(result.body, result.contentType, result.source);
+		}
+	}
+
+	return badgeResponse(
+		new TextEncoder().encode(BADGE_PLACEHOLDER_SVG),
+		"image/svg+xml",
+		"unavailable",
+	);
+}
+
+async function fetchCandidate(
+	base: string,
+	code: string,
+): Promise<{
+	body: Uint8Array;
+	contentType: string;
+	source: BadgeSource;
+} | null> {
+	const normalized = base.replace(/\/+$/, "");
+	if (/^https?:\/\//i.test(normalized)) {
+		try {
+			const res = await fetch(`${normalized}/${encodeURIComponent(code)}.gif`, {
+				signal: AbortSignal.timeout(FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS),
+				cache: "no-store",
+			});
+			if (!res.ok) return null;
+			const contentType = res.headers.get("content-type") ?? "image/gif";
+			if (!contentType.startsWith("image/")) return null;
+			return {
+				body: new Uint8Array(await res.arrayBuffer()),
+				contentType,
+				source: "upstream",
+			};
+		} catch {
+			return null;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Local `/swf/...` path — read straight from the deployed public folder.
+	try {
+		const file = join(
+			process.cwd(),
+			"public",
+			normalized.replace(/^\//, ""),
+			`${code}.gif`,
+		);
+		const body = new Uint8Array(await readFile(file));
+		return { body, contentType: "image/gif", source: "local" };
+	} catch {
+		return null;
+	}
+}
+
+function badgeResponse(
+	body: Uint8Array,
+	contentType: string,
+	source: BadgeSource,
+) {
+	return new NextResponse(body as unknown as BodyInit, {
+		status: 200,
 		headers: {
-			"Cache-Control": "public, max-age=300",
+			"Content-Type": contentType,
+			"Content-Length": String(body.length),
+			"Cache-Control":
+				source === "unavailable"
+					? "no-cache, max-age=0"
+					: "public, max-age=3600",
+			"X-Imager-Source": source,
+			"Access-Control-Allow-Origin": "*",
+		},
+	});
+}
+
+export async function OPTIONS() {
+	return new NextResponse(null, {
+		status: 204,
+		headers: {
+			"Access-Control-Allow-Origin": "*",
+			"Access-Control-Allow-Methods": "GET, OPTIONS",
+			"Access-Control-Allow-Headers": "Content-Type, If-None-Match",
 		},
 	});
 }