fix(imaging): make avatar and badge images resilient to upstream outages

- Add persistent disk cache for rendered avatars/badges (storage/imaging)
  so repeats never touch the flaky local renderer and cached renders
  survive upstream downtime
- Serve cache-first with stale-on-error; cut primary/fallback timeouts
  from 10s/6s to 4s/4s so failing images cannot stall pages
- Avatar proxy now returns a graceful 200 silhouette instead of 502 when
  no renderer can produce a figure, so no broken-image glyphs appear
- Badge endpoint becomes a caching proxy trying configured CDN, public
  Habbo CDN and local /swf copy in order, and drops the fragile IP rate
  limit that could blank badge streams
- Route all site badge images (profile, me, badges, apply pages) through
  the cached proxy instead of hot-linking images.habbo.com

src/app/(site)/apply/staff/page.tsx

@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ export async function generateMetadata(): Promise<Metadata> {
 	};
 }
 
-// Canonical Habbo badge image CDN (same base used by the profile page).
-const BADGE_IMG_BASE = "https://images.habbo.com/c_images/album1584";
+// Badge codes map to a .gif served through the cached proxy.
+const BADGE_IMG_BASE = "/api/imaging/badge?code";
 
 function feedbackStyle(tone: "success" | "error"): CSSProperties {
 	const accent =
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ export default async function ApplyStaffPage({
 									{team?.badge ? (
 										/* eslint-disable-next-line @next/next/no-img-element */
 										<img
-											src={`${BADGE_IMG_BASE}/${team.badge}.gif`}
+											src={`${BADGE_IMG_BASE}=${encodeURIComponent(team.badge)}`}
 											alt={rankName}
 											width={40}
 											height={40}

src/app/(site)/apply/team/page.tsx

@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ export async function generateMetadata(): Promise<Metadata> {
 	};
 }
 
-// Canonical Habbo badge image CDN (same base used by the profile page).
-const BADGE_IMG_BASE = "https://images.habbo.com/c_images/album1584";
+// Badge codes map to a .gif served through the cached proxy.
+const BADGE_IMG_BASE = "/api/imaging/badge?code";
 
 function feedbackStyle(tone: "success" | "error"): CSSProperties {
 	const accent =
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ export default async function ApplyTeamPage({
 									{team.badge ? (
 										/* eslint-disable-next-line @next/next/no-img-element */
 										<img
-											src={`${BADGE_IMG_BASE}/${team.badge}.gif`}
+											src={`${BADGE_IMG_BASE}=${encodeURIComponent(team.badge)}`}
 											alt={team.rankName}
 											width={40}
 											height={40}