fix(imaging): make avatar and badge images resilient to upstream outages

- Add persistent disk cache for rendered avatars/badges (storage/imaging)
  so repeats never touch the flaky local renderer and cached renders
  survive upstream downtime
- Serve cache-first with stale-on-error; cut primary/fallback timeouts
  from 10s/6s to 4s/4s so failing images cannot stall pages
- Avatar proxy now returns a graceful 200 silhouette instead of 502 when
  no renderer can produce a figure, so no broken-image glyphs appear
- Badge endpoint becomes a caching proxy trying configured CDN, public
  Habbo CDN and local /swf copy in order, and drops the fragile IP rate
  limit that could blank badge streams
- Route all site badge images (profile, me, badges, apply pages) through
  the cached proxy instead of hot-linking images.habbo.com

src/app/(site)/u/[username]/page.tsx

@@ -71,8 +71,8 @@ export async function generateMetadata({
 	};
 }
 
-// Canonical Habbo badge image CDN. Badge codes (e.g. "ADM") map to a .gif here.
-const BADGE_IMG_BASE = "https://images.habbo.com/c_images/album1584";
+// Badge codes (e.g. "ADM") map to a .gif served through the cached proxy.
+const BADGE_IMG_BASE = "/api/imaging/badge?code";
 
 // Emulator currency type ids (see UsersCurrency model): Duckets=0, Diamonds=5.
 const CURRENCY_DUCKETS = 0;
@@ -514,12 +514,7 @@ async function ProfilePage({
 											<details key={b.id} className={styles.badge}>
 												<summary title={name}>
 													<img
-														src={
-															BADGE_IMG_BASE +
-															"/" +
-															encodeURIComponent(b.badgeCode) +
-															".gif"
-														}
+														src={`${BADGE_IMG_BASE}=${encodeURIComponent(b.badgeCode)}`}
 														alt={name}
 														width={40}
 														height={40}