perf(app): batch catalog updates, tune caches, add captcha env fallback

- catalog: apply bulk offer edits in a single transaction with one RCON
  refresh instead of N round-trips, virtualize the items table past 150
  rows and cap the shop preview at 200 tiles
- cache: lift the public cache TTLs and the boot warm-up into env-tunable
  constants (src/lib/perf-ttls.ts; CMS_*_TTL_SEC, CMS_WARMUP_ENABLED)
- auth: resolve the captcha provider, site key and secret from
  CAPTCHA_PROVIDER, TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY and TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY when the
  admin settings are unset; an explicit DB value (including "none") still
  wins, so Turnstile can be enabled per-deploy without touching the DB.

.env.example

@@ -18,6 +18,21 @@ CACHE_MEMORY_MAX_ENTRIES=2000
 # every 5 minutes brings an over-budget directory back to 90% of this (default 20000).
 IMAGING_CACHE_MAX_ENTRIES=20000
 
+# --- CACHE TTL TUNING (seconds; defaults apply when unset) ---
+# Higher = less DB load but staler data. Publishing news rotates its cache
+# revision immediately, so news TTLs only delay content that bypasses that path.
+CMS_HOME_PAYLOAD_TTL_SEC=15
+CMS_NEWS_LIST_TTL_SEC=300
+CMS_NEWS_ARCHIVE_TTL_SEC=60
+CMS_SEARCH_TTL_SEC=30
+CMS_ONLINE_COUNT_TTL_SEC=10
+CMS_COUNTERS_TTL_SEC=300
+CMS_SITE_SETTINGS_TTL_SEC=300
+CMS_SITE_SETTINGS_MEMORY_TTL_SEC=60
+# Boot-time cache warm-up (primes hot keys after each deploy). Set false on
+# tiny hosts where the boot COUNT(*) burst is undesirable.
+CMS_WARMUP_ENABLED=true
+
 # --- CORE RUNTIME & PERFORMANCE FLAGS ---
 NODE_ENV=production
 PORT=3002
@@ -78,6 +93,14 @@ CLOUDFLARE_AUTO_BLOCK_ENABLED=true
 # Override for tests/staging (production uses the public endpoint by default).
 CLOUDFLARE_API_BASE_URL=https://api.cloudflare.com/client/v4
 
+# --- CAPTCHA (env fallback; admin settings win when set) ---
+# Enable Turnstile on register/login/forgot/resend without touching the DB.
+# "none" (default), "turnstile", "recaptcha" or "hcaptcha".
+CAPTCHA_PROVIDER=
+# Cloudflare Turnstile keys from https://dash.cloudflare.com/turnstile
+TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY=
+TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY=
+
 # --- PATHS ---
 BADGE_UPLOAD_DIR=./public/assets/images/badges
 EMULATOR_JAR_PATH=./emulator/Arcturus.jar

src/actions/catalog-items.ts

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import {
 	restoreDeletedCatalogItemsCommand,
 } from "@/features/catalog/server/item-deletes";
 import {
+	bulkUpdateOffersCommand,
 	createOfferCommand,
 	moveBcOffersCommand,
 	moveOffersCommand,
@@ -399,6 +400,91 @@ export async function updateCatalogItem({
 	});
 }
 
+/**
+ * "Save All" for the inline table editor. One transaction, one RCON refresh,
+ * one audit row — instead of a full per-item round-trip that took tens of
+ * seconds on pages with hundreds of edited rows. A failing row rolls back the
+ * whole batch, so the editor never ends up half-saved.
+ */
+export async function updateCatalogItemsBulk({
+	updates,
+	catalog = "normal",
+}: {
+	updates: Array<{ id: number; catalogFields: Record<string, unknown> }>;
+	catalog?: "normal" | "bc";
+}) {
+	const staff = await requirePermission(PERMS.CATALOG_EDIT);
+	if (!Array.isArray(updates) || updates.length === 0) {
+		return { ok: false as const, error: "No items to update" };
+	}
+	if (updates.length > 500) {
+		return { ok: false as const, error: "Max 500 items per bulk update" };
+	}
+	// BC rows go through their own command per item (no price columns, and the
+	// BC command keeps its narrower field set); the loop still saves the
+	// per-item RCON refreshes inside one export lock below.
+	if (catalog === "bc") {
+		const { updateBcItem } = await import("@/actions/catalog-bc");
+		return await withCatalogExport(async () => {
+			let savedCount = 0;
+			let lastError = "";
+			for (const update of updates) {
+				const result = await updateBcItem({
+					id: update.id,
+					...(update.catalogFields as {
+						itemIds?: string;
+						catalogName?: string;
+						orderNumber?: number;
+						extradata?: string;
+					}),
+				});
+				if (result.ok) savedCount++;
+				else lastError = result.error ?? "Unable to update item";
+			}
+			if (savedCount > 0) {
+				await logStaffActivity({
+					staffId: staff.id,
+					action: "bc_items_bulk_update",
+					description: `Updated ${savedCount} BC catalog item(s)`,
+					targetType: "catalog_item_bc",
+				});
+			}
+			if (savedCount === 0 && lastError) {
+				return { ok: false as const, error: lastError };
+			}
+			return {
+				ok: true as const,
+				data: { savedCount, failedCount: updates.length - savedCount },
+			};
+		});
+	}
+	return await withCatalogExport(async () => {
+		try {
+			await bulkUpdateOffersCommand(updates, staff.id);
+		} catch (error) {
+			return {
+				ok: false as const,
+				error:
+					error instanceof Error
+						? error.message
+						: "Unable to update catalog items",
+			};
+		}
+		await sendCatalogUpdate();
+		await logStaffActivity({
+			staffId: staff.id,
+			action: "catalog_items_bulk_update",
+			description: `Updated ${updates.length} catalog item(s)`,
+			targetType: "catalog_item",
+		});
+		revalidatePath("/admin/catalog");
+		return {
+			ok: true as const,
+			data: { savedCount: updates.length, failedCount: 0 },
+		};
+	});
+}
+
 export async function translateCatalogItems(input: {
 	/** `id` is items_base.id (not catalog_items.id) */
 	items: Array<{ id: number; publicName: string; description?: string }>;

src/components/admin/catalog/catalog-items-table/catalog-items-table.tsx

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import {
 	verticalListSortingStrategy,
 } from "@dnd-kit/sortable";
 import { CSS } from "@dnd-kit/utilities";
+import { useVirtualizer } from "@tanstack/react-virtual";
 import {
 	ArrowRightLeft,
 	Copy,
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@ import {
 	X,
 } from "lucide-react";
 import { useTranslations } from "next-intl";
-import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from "react";
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from "react";
 import { toast } from "sonner";
 import {
 	createCatalogItem,
@@ -43,6 +44,7 @@ import {
 	reorderCatalogItems,
 	restoreDeletedCatalogItems,
 	updateCatalogItem,
+	updateCatalogItemsBulk,
 } from "@/actions/catalog-items";
 import { BulkImportItems } from "@/components/admin/catalog/bulk-import-items";
 import { ItemsShopPreview } from "@/components/admin/catalog/items-shop-preview";
@@ -115,10 +117,15 @@ export type { BaseItemData, CatalogItemData };
 function SortableRow({
 	id,
 	className,
+	dataIndex,
+	measureRef,
 	children,
 }: {
 	id: number;
 	className?: string;
+	/** Virtualizer index; forwarded as data-index so measureElement can map it. */
+	dataIndex?: number;
+	measureRef?: (el: HTMLTableRowElement | null) => void;
 	children: (props: {
 		dragHandleProps: React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLDivElement>;
 	}) => React.ReactNode;
@@ -133,6 +140,13 @@ function SortableRow({
 	} = useSortable({
 		id,
 	});
+	const setRefs = useCallback(
+		(node: HTMLTableRowElement | null) => {
+			setNodeRef(node);
+			measureRef?.(node);
+		},
+		[setNodeRef, measureRef],
+	);
 	const style: React.CSSProperties = {
 		transform: CSS.Transform.toString(transform),
 		transition,
@@ -144,7 +158,8 @@ function SortableRow({
 	} as unknown as React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLDivElement>;
 	return (
 		<TableRow
-			ref={setNodeRef as unknown as React.Ref<HTMLTableRowElement>}
+			ref={setRefs}
+			data-index={dataIndex}
 			style={style}
 			className={className}
 		>
@@ -280,6 +295,23 @@ export function CatalogItemsTable({
 			.sort((a, b) => (orderMap.get(a.id) ?? 0) - (orderMap.get(b.id) ?? 0));
 	}, [filteredItems, itemOrder, searchQuery, filters]);
 
+	// ── Virtualization (table view) ─────────────────────────────────
+	// A page with hundreds of offers used to mount a full <tr> per row, each
+	// with several inputs and icons — the single biggest source of lag in the
+	// catalog editor. Above the threshold only the visible window (plus a small
+	// overscan) is mounted; spacer rows keep the scrollbar honest.
+	const VIRTUALIZE_THRESHOLD = 150;
+	const scrollRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
+	const isVirtualized = orderedFilteredItems.length > VIRTUALIZE_THRESHOLD;
+	const virtualizer = useVirtualizer({
+		count: orderedFilteredItems.length,
+		getScrollElement: () => scrollRef.current,
+		estimateSize: () => 52,
+		overscan: 15,
+		enabled: isVirtualized,
+	});
+	const virtualRows = isVirtualized ? virtualizer.getVirtualItems() : [];
+
 	// ── Selection ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 	const [selected, setSelected] = useState<Set<number>>(new Set());
 
@@ -504,18 +536,12 @@ export function CatalogItemsTable({
 	async function handleSaveAllModified() {
 		if (modifiedItems.length === 0) return;
 
-		run(
-			async () => {
-				let savedCount = 0;
-				let failedCount = 0;
-
-				for (const item of modifiedItems) {
+		const updates = modifiedItems.flatMap((item) => {
 			const edit = inlineEdits[item.id];
-					if (!edit) continue;
-
-					const result = await updateCatalogItem({
+			if (!edit) return [];
+			return [
+				{
 					id: item.id,
-						catalog,
 					catalogFields: {
 						catalogName: item.catalogName,
 						itemIds: item.itemIds,
@@ -531,28 +557,15 @@ export function CatalogItemsTable({
 						clubOnly: item.clubOnly,
 						extradata: item.extradata,
 					},
+				},
+			];
 		});
 
-					if (result.ok) savedCount++;
-					else failedCount++;
-				}
-
-				if (savedCount > 0) {
-					onRefresh();
-				}
-				if (failedCount > 0) {
-					return {
-						ok: false as const,
-						error: `Saved ${savedCount}, failed ${failedCount}.`,
-					};
-				}
-				return { ok: true as const, data: { savedCount } };
-			},
-			{
-				successMessage: `Saved ${modifiedItems.length} item(s).`,
+		run(() => updateCatalogItemsBulk({ updates, catalog }), {
+			successMessage: `Saved ${updates.length} item(s).`,
 			errorMessage: "Failed to save items.",
-			},
-		);
+			onSuccess: () => onRefresh(),
+		});
 	}
 
 	// ── Bulk delete selected ─────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -1243,7 +1256,10 @@ export function CatalogItemsTable({
 							onDragEnd={handleDragEnd}
 							onDragCancel={handleDragCancel}
 						>
-							<div className="rounded-md border overflow-auto max-h-[600px]">
+							<div
+								ref={scrollRef}
+								className="rounded-md border overflow-auto max-h-[600px]"
+							>
 								<Table>
 									<TableHeader className="sticky top-0 z-10 bg-background">
 										<TableRow>
@@ -1278,7 +1294,29 @@ export function CatalogItemsTable({
 										strategy={verticalListSortingStrategy}
 									>
 										<TableBody>
-											{orderedFilteredItems.map((item) => {
+											{isVirtualized && virtualRows.length > 0 && (
+												<tr>
+													<td
+														colSpan={10}
+														style={{
+															height: virtualRows[0]?.start ?? 0,
+															padding: 0,
+															border: 0,
+														}}
+													/>
+												</tr>
+											)}
+											{(isVirtualized
+												? virtualRows.map((vr) => ({
+														item: orderedFilteredItems[vr.index],
+														index: vr.index,
+													}))
+												: orderedFilteredItems.map((item, index) => ({
+														item,
+														index,
+													}))
+											).map(({ item, index }) => {
+												if (!item) return null;
 												const pts = getPointsLabel(item.pointsType);
 												const edit = inlineEdits[item.id];
 												const modified = isItemModified(item);
@@ -1289,6 +1327,14 @@ export function CatalogItemsTable({
 													<SortableRow
 														key={item.id}
 														id={item.id}
+														dataIndex={index}
+														measureRef={
+															isVirtualized
+																? (el) => {
+																		if (el) virtualizer.measureElement(el);
+																	}
+																: undefined
+														}
 														className={cn(
 															modified &&
 																"bg-[var(--admin-warning-subtle)] dark:bg-[var(--admin-warning-subtle)]",
@@ -1561,6 +1607,25 @@ export function CatalogItemsTable({
 													</SortableRow>
 												);
 											})}
+											{isVirtualized &&
+												virtualRows.length > 0 &&
+												(() => {
+													const last = virtualRows[virtualRows.length - 1];
+													const total = virtualizer.getTotalSize();
+													if (!last || last.end >= total) return null;
+													return (
+														<tr>
+															<td
+																colSpan={10}
+																style={{
+																	height: total - last.end,
+																	padding: 0,
+																	border: 0,
+																}}
+															/>
+														</tr>
+													);
+												})()}
 										</TableBody>
 									</SortableContext>
 								</Table>

src/components/admin/catalog/items-shop-preview.tsx

@@ -18,6 +18,14 @@ interface ItemsShopPreviewProps {
 	onItemClick?: (item: CatalogItemData) => void;
 }
 
+/**
+ * The preview is a visual check, not an editor. Mounting a tile (image, badges,
+ * click handler) per offer made pages with hundreds of items crawl, so the grid
+ * shows a window and states how many are hidden. The table view is the place to
+ * work through the full list.
+ */
+const PREVIEW_TILE_LIMIT = 200;
+
 export function ItemsShopPreview({
 	items,
 	furniRevisionMap,
@@ -38,15 +46,23 @@ export function ItemsShopPreview({
 
 	const gridClass = getShopGridClass(layout);
 	const tileSize = getShopTileSize(layout);
+	const visibleItems =
+		items.length > PREVIEW_TILE_LIMIT
+			? items.slice(0, PREVIEW_TILE_LIMIT)
+			: items;
 
 	return (
 		<div className="rounded-lg border bg-gradient-to-b from-[var(--admin-surface)] to-[var(--admin-canvas)] p-4">
 			<div className="mb-3 flex items-center justify-between text-xs text-[var(--admin-text-muted)]">
 				<span className="font-medium">Shop preview · {layout}</span>
-				<span>{items.length} items</span>
+				<span>
+					{items.length} items
+					{visibleItems.length !== items.length &&
+						` · showing first ${visibleItems.length}`}
+				</span>
 			</div>
 			<div className={cn("grid gap-2", gridClass)}>
-				{items.map((item) => {
+				{visibleItems.map((item) => {
 					const firstId = parseFirstItemId(item.itemIds);
 					const furni = firstId != null ? furniRevisionMap[firstId] : undefined;
 
@@ -62,6 +78,12 @@ export function ItemsShopPreview({
 					);
 				})}
 			</div>
+			{visibleItems.length !== items.length && (
+				<p className="mt-3 text-center text-xs text-[var(--admin-text-muted)]">
+					Preview capped at {PREVIEW_TILE_LIMIT} items — use the table view for
+					the rest.
+				</p>
+			)}
 		</div>
 	);
 }

src/env.ts

@@ -103,6 +103,27 @@ const schema = z
 		// Redis — strongly recommended in production (required for multi-instance).
 		// Without it, rate limits / shared caches are in-process only.
 		REDIS_URL: z.string().optional(),
+		// ── Cache TTL tuning (seconds; see src/lib/perf-ttls.ts) ──────────────
+		// Defaults match the previous hard-coded values; set only to tune.
+		CMS_HOME_PAYLOAD_TTL_SEC: z.coerce.number().int().positive().optional(),
+		CMS_NEWS_LIST_TTL_SEC: z.coerce.number().int().positive().optional(),
+		CMS_NEWS_ARCHIVE_TTL_SEC: z.coerce.number().int().positive().optional(),
+		CMS_SEARCH_TTL_SEC: z.coerce.number().int().positive().optional(),
+		CMS_ONLINE_COUNT_TTL_SEC: z.coerce.number().int().positive().optional(),
+		CMS_COUNTERS_TTL_SEC: z.coerce.number().int().positive().optional(),
+		CMS_SITE_SETTINGS_TTL_SEC: z.coerce.number().int().positive().optional(),
+		CMS_SITE_SETTINGS_MEMORY_TTL_SEC: z.coerce
+			.number()
+			.int()
+			.positive()
+			.optional(),
+		// Boot-time cache warm-up (priming hot keys after each deploy). Set to
+		// "false"/"0" to skip — useful on hosts where the boot DB burst is
+		// undesirable (e.g. tiny containers right after a restore).
+		CMS_WARMUP_ENABLED: z
+			.string()
+			.optional()
+			.transform((value) => value !== "false" && value !== "0"),
 		// App-layer anti-DDoS gate (proxy rate limiter). On by default in
 		// production; set to "false" or "0" to disable without removing it.
 		ANTI_DDOS_ENABLED: z
@@ -151,6 +172,19 @@ const schema = z
 			.string()
 			.optional()
 			.transform((value) => value !== "false" && value !== "0"),
+		// ── CAPTCHA (Turnstile) — env fallback for the DB-backed settings ─────
+		// The admin panel (housekeeping → settings) wins when it has values; these
+		// let a deploy enable Turnstile without touching the DB. An explicit DB
+		// value — including "none" — always overrides the env fallback.
+		CAPTCHA_PROVIDER: z.preprocess(
+			(value) => (value === "" ? undefined : value),
+			z.enum(["none", "turnstile", "recaptcha", "hcaptcha"]).optional(),
+		),
+		// Public site key (rendered in the widget via server → client props).
+		TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY: z.string().optional(),
+		// Server-only secret used against Cloudflare's siteverify endpoint.
+		// Never NEXT_PUBLIC_: verification would become client-trusting.
+		TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY: z.string().optional(),
 	})
 	.superRefine((data, ctx) => {
 		if (data.NODE_ENV !== "production") return;

src/features/catalog/server/offer-commands.ts

@@ -31,7 +31,13 @@ export type UpdateOfferInput = {
 	catalogFields: Record<string, unknown>;
 	baseItem?: { id: number; fields: Record<string, unknown> };
 };
-type OfferRow = { id: number; pageId: number | string; itemIds: string };
+type OfferRow = {
+	id: number;
+	pageId: number | string;
+	itemIds: string;
+	limitedStack?: number | string;
+	limitedSells?: number | string;
+};
 async function lockedOffers(
 	tx: Transaction,
 	ids: number[],
@@ -39,7 +45,7 @@ async function lockedOffers(
 ): Promise<OfferRow[]> {
 	const offers = rowsFrom<OfferRow>(
 		await tx.execute(
-			sql`SELECT id, page_id AS pageId, item_ids AS itemIds FROM ${offerTable(kind)} WHERE id IN (${sql.join(
+			sql`SELECT id, page_id AS pageId, item_ids AS itemIds, limited_stack AS limitedStack, limited_sells AS limitedSells FROM ${offerTable(kind)} WHERE id IN (${sql.join(
 				[...ids].sort((a, b) => a - b),
 				sql`, `,
 			)}) ORDER BY id FOR UPDATE`,
@@ -193,6 +199,118 @@ export async function updateOfferCommand(
 			await recordHistory(tx, "prices", input.id, userId, before);
 	});
 }
+/**
+ * Many offer patches in ONE transaction: the inline table editor's "Save All"
+ * used to issue a transaction + lock + RCON refresh + audit row per item, which
+ * took tens of seconds on a page with hundreds of edited rows. Lock ordering
+ * matches {@link updateOfferCommand}: pages → offers → furniture. A failing row
+ * aborts the whole batch (full rollback) rather than leaving a half-applied save.
+ */
+export async function bulkUpdateOffersCommand(
+	updates: UpdateOfferInput[],
+	userId?: number,
+) {
+	if (!updates.length) throw Error("No valid fields to update");
+	if (updates.length > 500) throw Error("Max 500 items per bulk update");
+	const parsed = updates.map((input) => {
+		offerIdSchema.parse(input.id);
+		const fields = offerPatchSchema.parse(input.catalogFields);
+		const baseFields = input.baseItem
+			? furniturePatchSchema.parse(input.baseItem.fields)
+			: {};
+		if (!Object.values(fields).some((value) => value !== undefined))
+			throw Error("No valid fields to update");
+		return { input, fields, baseFields };
+	});
+
+	const offerIds = distinctOfferIds(parsed.map((row) => row.input.id));
+	const furnitureIds: number[] = [];
+	for (const row of parsed) {
+		if (row.fields.itemIds !== undefined)
+			furnitureIds.push(...parseFurnitureIds(row.fields.itemIds));
+		if (row.input.baseItem) furnitureIds.push(row.input.baseItem.id);
+	}
+
+	return db.transaction(async (tx) => {
+		for (const pageId of new Set(
+			parsed.map((row) => row.fields.pageId).filter((id) => id !== undefined),
+		))
+			await lockPage(tx, pageId as number);
+		const offers = await lockedOffers(tx, offerIds);
+		const offerById = new Map(offers.map((offer) => [Number(offer.id), offer]));
+		if (furnitureIds.length) await lockFurniture(tx, furnitureIds);
+
+		const beforeById = new Map<
+			number,
+			Awaited<ReturnType<typeof historySnapshot>>
+		>();
+		if (userId)
+			for (const id of offerIds)
+				beforeById.set(id, await historySnapshot(tx, "prices", id));
+
+		for (const row of parsed) {
+			const offer = offerById.get(row.input.id);
+			if (!offer) throw Error("Catalog item not found");
+			if (row.input.baseItem) {
+				const currentIds = String(offer.itemIds).split(";").map(Number);
+				const nextIds =
+					row.fields.itemIds === undefined
+						? currentIds
+						: parseFurnitureIds(row.fields.itemIds);
+				if (
+					!currentIds.includes(row.input.baseItem.id) ||
+					!nextIds.includes(row.input.baseItem.id)
+				)
+					throw Error("Shared furniture must belong to the catalog offer");
+			}
+			if (
+				row.fields.orderNumber !== undefined ||
+				row.fields.pageId !== undefined
+			) {
+				const targetPageId = row.fields.pageId ?? offer.pageId;
+				if (row.fields.orderNumber !== undefined)
+					await assertOrderUnique(
+						tx,
+						targetPageId,
+						row.fields.orderNumber,
+						row.input.id,
+					);
+			}
+			if (
+				row.fields.limitedStack !== undefined ||
+				row.fields.limitedSells !== undefined
+			) {
+				const stack = row.fields.limitedStack ?? 0;
+				const sells = row.fields.limitedSells ?? 0;
+				const resolvedStack =
+					row.fields.limitedStack !== undefined
+						? stack
+						: Number(offer.limitedStack ?? 0);
+				const resolvedSells =
+					row.fields.limitedSells !== undefined
+						? sells
+						: Number(offer.limitedSells ?? 0);
+				assertLimitedStackOk(resolvedStack, resolvedSells);
+			}
+			const offerAssignments = assignments(CatalogItems, row.fields);
+			if (offerAssignments.length)
+				await tx.execute(
+					sql`UPDATE ${CatalogItems} SET ${sql.join(offerAssignments, sql`, `)} WHERE id=${row.input.id}`,
+				);
+			const baseAssignments = assignments(ItemsBase, row.baseFields);
+			if (row.input.baseItem && baseAssignments.length)
+				await tx.execute(
+					sql`UPDATE ${ItemsBase} SET ${sql.join(baseAssignments, sql`, `)} WHERE id=${row.input.baseItem.id}`,
+				);
+		}
+		if (userId)
+			for (const id of offerIds) {
+				const before = beforeById.get(id);
+				if (before) await recordHistory(tx, "prices", id, userId, before);
+			}
+	});
+}
+
 export async function reorderOffersCommand(
 	orders: Array<{ id: number; orderNumber: number }>,
 ) {

src/lib/perf-ttls.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+import "server-only";
+
+import { env } from "@/env";
+
+/**
+ * Env-tuned cache TTLs for the hot public/admin read paths. Every value falls
+ * back to the previous hard-coded default when the variable is unset (and under
+ * SKIP_ENV_VALIDATION, where env is the raw process.env), so existing installs
+ * behave identically until they opt into tuning.
+ *
+ * Keep these in seconds on the wire (env) and milliseconds in code, matching
+ * the REDIS_CACHE_TTL_DEFAULT convention.
+ */
+function seconds(
+	value: string | number | undefined,
+	fallbackSec: number,
+): number {
+	const parsed = typeof value === "number" ? value : Number(value);
+	return (Number.isFinite(parsed) && parsed > 0 ? parsed : fallbackSec) * 1000;
+}
+
+/** `/api/home` landing payload (articles + online count + hotel name). */
+export const HOME_PAYLOAD_TTL_MS = seconds(env.CMS_HOME_PAYLOAD_TTL_SEC, 15);
+
+/** Shared news preview list used by the homepage and widgets. */
+export const NEWS_LIST_TTL_MS = seconds(env.CMS_NEWS_LIST_TTL_SEC, 300);
+
+/** News archive / search landing — includes a COUNT(*) over a LIKE scan. */
+export const NEWS_ARCHIVE_TTL_MS = seconds(env.CMS_NEWS_ARCHIVE_TTL_SEC, 60);
+
+/** Public directory search sections (users/rooms/news/events). */
+export const PUBLIC_SEARCH_TTL_MS = seconds(env.CMS_SEARCH_TTL_SEC, 30);
+
+/** Online player counter — the hottest COUNT(*) on the site. */
+export const ONLINE_COUNT_TTL_MS = seconds(env.CMS_ONLINE_COUNT_TTL_SEC, 10);
+
+/** Public counter keys (totals) and the warm-up's stale window for them. */
+export const COUNTERS_TTL_MS = seconds(env.CMS_COUNTERS_TTL_SEC, 300);
+
+/** Site settings: Redis/shared TTL and the per-process memory mirror. */
+export const SITE_SETTINGS_TTL_MS = seconds(env.CMS_SITE_SETTINGS_TTL_SEC, 300);
+export const SITE_SETTINGS_MEMORY_TTL_MS = seconds(
+	env.CMS_SITE_SETTINGS_MEMORY_TTL_SEC,
+	60,
+);
+
+/** Boot-time cache warm-up toggle (instrumentation.ts). */
+export const CACHE_WARMUP_ENABLED = (() => {
+	// Validated mode exposes the zod-transformed boolean; SKIP_ENV_VALIDATION
+	// (tooling/tests) hands the raw string through, so accept both spellings.
+	const raw = env.CMS_WARMUP_ENABLED as unknown;
+	if (typeof raw === "boolean") return raw;
+	if (typeof raw === "string") return raw !== "false" && raw !== "0";
+	return true;
+})();

src/lib/services/cache-warmup.ts

@@ -4,6 +4,11 @@ import { asc, desc, eq, gte } from "drizzle-orm";
 import { cached } from "@/lib/cache";
 import { CameraWeb, db, User, WebsiteTeams } from "@/lib/db";
 import { logger } from "@/lib/logger";
+import {
+	CACHE_WARMUP_ENABLED,
+	COUNTERS_TTL_MS,
+	ONLINE_COUNT_TTL_MS,
+} from "@/lib/perf-ttls";
 import { apiCacheKey, redisCache } from "@/lib/redis-cache";
 import { cachedHomePayload } from "@/lib/services/home-payload";
 import { getNewsList } from "@/lib/services/news-list";
@@ -30,8 +35,8 @@ import { siteSettings } from "@/lib/services/site-settings";
  * stop the server from serving.
  */
 
-const COUNTER_TTL_MS = 300_000;
-const ONLINE_TTL_MS = 10_000;
+const COUNTER_TTL_MS = COUNTERS_TTL_MS;
+const ONLINE_TTL_MS = ONLINE_COUNT_TTL_MS;
 
 async function warm<T>(name: string, load: () => Promise<T>): Promise<void> {
 	try {
@@ -45,6 +50,10 @@ async function warm<T>(name: string, load: () => Promise<T>): Promise<void> {
 }
 
 export async function warmPublicCaches(): Promise<void> {
+	// Boot warm-up can be turned off per deploy (CMS_WARMUP_ENABLED=false): on
+	// small hosts a burst of COUNT(*) queries right after boot competes with the
+	// emulator for the same database.
+	if (!CACHE_WARMUP_ENABLED) return;
 	// Elke `warm` wordt afgewacht voordat de volgende begint, dus de COUNT(*)
 	// queries gaan één voor één in plaats van als een burst op een database die
 	// nog aan het opstarten is. Dat is goed genoeg; kunstmatige sleeps zouden

src/lib/services/captcha.ts

@@ -1,20 +1,28 @@
+import { env } from "@/env";
 import { siteSettings } from "@/lib/services/site-settings";
 
 /**
- * Server-side CAPTCHA verification, driven by website_settings so staff pick the
- * provider in housekeeping. Supports Cloudflare Turnstile, Google reCAPTCHA,
- * and hCaptcha (three AtomCMS offers, mutually exclusive).
+ * Server-side CAPTCHA verification. The provider is driven by website_settings
+ * (staff pick it in housekeeping) with an ENV FALLBACK so a deploy can enable
+ * Turnstile without touching the DB: unset DB keys fall back to
+ * CAPTCHA_PROVIDER / TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY / TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY. An explicit DB
+ * value — including "none" — always wins over env. Supports Cloudflare
+ * Turnstile, Google reCAPTCHA, and hCaptcha (mutually exclusive).
  *
  * Behaviour:
- *   - provider "none" (or unset) → fail-open (allow)
+ *   - provider "none" (or unset everywhere) → fail-open (allow)
  *   - provider configured but site key / secret missing, token absent, provider
  *     API error, or network failure → fail-closed (deny)
  *
- * Settings keys:
- *   captcha_provider   = "turnstile" | "recaptcha" | "hcaptcha" | "none" (default none)
- *   turnstile_secret / turnstile_site_key
- *   recaptcha_secret  / recaptcha_site_key
- *   hcaptcha_secret   / hcaptcha_site_key
+ * Settings keys (DB) / env fallbacks:
+ *   captcha_provider          = "turnstile" | "recaptcha" | "hcaptcha" | "none"
+ *   CAPTCHA_PROVIDER          (env, used when the DB key is unset)
+ *   turnstile_site_key        / TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY
+ *   turnstile_secret          / TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY
+ *   recaptcha_site_key        (DB only)
+ *   recaptcha_secret          (DB only)
+ *   hcaptcha_site_key         (DB only)
+ *   hcaptcha_secret           (DB only)
  */
 export interface CaptchaConfig {
 	provider: "turnstile" | "recaptcha" | "hcaptcha" | "none";
@@ -28,15 +36,32 @@ const TURNSTILE_URL =
 const RECAPTCHA_URL = "https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api/siteverify";
 const HCAPTCHA_URL = "https://hcaptcha.com/siteverify";
 
+/** DB first (staff can override live), env fallback for unconfigured deploys. */
+async function settingOrEnv(
+	settingKey: string,
+	settingDefault: string,
+	envValue: string | undefined,
+): Promise<string> {
+	const dbValue = (await siteSettings.get(settingKey, settingDefault)) ?? "";
+	if (dbValue.trim() !== "") return dbValue.trim();
+	return envValue?.trim() || "";
+}
+
 /** Public config the register/login pages need to render the widget (no secrets). */
 export async function captchaConfig(): Promise<CaptchaConfig> {
+	// Empty DB fallback distinguishes "unset" from an explicit "none": only an
+	// explicit DB value short-circuits the env fallback.
 	const provider = (
-		(await siteSettings.get("captcha_provider", "none")) ?? "none"
+		await settingOrEnv("captcha_provider", "", env.CAPTCHA_PROVIDER)
 	).toLowerCase();
 	if (provider === "turnstile") {
 		return {
 			provider: "turnstile",
-			siteKey: (await siteSettings.get("turnstile_site_key", "")) ?? "",
+			siteKey: await settingOrEnv(
+				"turnstile_site_key",
+				"",
+				env.TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY,
+			),
 			field: "cf-turnstile-response",
 		};
 	}
@@ -67,13 +92,12 @@ export async function verifyCaptcha(
 
 	if (!cfg.siteKey) return false;
 
-	const secretKey: string =
+	const secret =
 		cfg.provider === "turnstile"
-			? "turnstile_secret"
+			? await settingOrEnv("turnstile_secret", "", env.TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY)
 			: cfg.provider === "recaptcha"
-				? "recaptcha_secret"
-				: "hcaptcha_secret";
-	const secret = (await siteSettings.get(secretKey, "")) ?? "";
+				? ((await siteSettings.get("recaptcha_secret", "")) ?? "")
+				: ((await siteSettings.get("hcaptcha_secret", "")) ?? "");
 	if (!secret) return false;
 	if (!token) return false;
 

src/lib/services/home-payload.ts

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import "server-only";
 import { and, count, desc, eq, or, sql } from "drizzle-orm";
 import { db, User, WebsiteArticles } from "@/lib/db";
 import { resolveHotelName } from "@/lib/hotel-name";
+import { HOME_PAYLOAD_TTL_MS } from "@/lib/perf-ttls";
 import { apiCacheKey, cacheSafe } from "@/lib/redis-cache";
 import { cacheNews } from "@/lib/services/news-cache";
 
@@ -47,5 +48,5 @@ export async function loadHomePayload() {
 
 /** Cached read of {@link loadHomePayload} under the route's own key. */
 export async function cachedHomePayload() {
-	return cacheNews(apiCacheKey("home"), 15_000, loadHomePayload);
+	return cacheNews(apiCacheKey("home"), HOME_PAYLOAD_TTL_MS, loadHomePayload);
 }

src/lib/services/news-archive.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import "server-only";
 import { and, asc, count, desc, eq, like, or, sql } from "drizzle-orm";
 import { db, WebsiteArticles } from "@/lib/db";
+import { NEWS_ARCHIVE_TTL_MS } from "@/lib/perf-ttls";
 import { cacheSafe } from "@/lib/redis-cache";
 import { cacheNews } from "@/lib/services/news-cache";
 
@@ -12,7 +13,7 @@ import { cacheNews } from "@/lib/services/news-cache";
  * entries immediately, so the window only applies when pub/sub cannot be
  * delivered.
  */
-const ARCHIVE_TTL_MS = 60_000;
+const ARCHIVE_TTL_MS = NEWS_ARCHIVE_TTL_MS;
 
 async function queryNewsArchive(
 	options: { search?: string; page?: number; order?: string } = {},

src/lib/services/news-list.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { logger } from "@/lib/logger";
+import { NEWS_LIST_TTL_MS } from "@/lib/perf-ttls";
 import { cacheNews } from "@/lib/services/news-cache";
 import "server-only";
 
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ interface NewsListRow {
 	createdAt: Date | null;
 }
 
-const TTL_MS = 300_000;
+const TTL_MS = NEWS_LIST_TTL_MS;
 const CACHE_KEY = "news_list";
 const FETCH_LIMIT = 30;
 

src/lib/services/public-counters.ts

@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@ import "server-only";
 import { and, count, eq, or, sql } from "drizzle-orm";
 import { cached } from "@/lib/cache";
 import { CameraWeb, db, Rooms, User, WebsiteArticles } from "@/lib/db";
+import { ONLINE_COUNT_TTL_MS } from "@/lib/perf-ttls";
+
+export { ONLINE_COUNT_TTL_MS };
 
 /**
  * Row counters for the public homepage.
@@ -80,9 +83,8 @@ export async function countOnline(): Promise<number> {
 // One function for every caller (homepage, login, register, headers, the client
 // page and the warm-up). Each call site used to inline this, and the ones that
 // omitted `staleMs` wrote an entry without a grace window, which made the key
-// block on COUNT(*) at every TTL boundary.
-export const ONLINE_COUNT_TTL_MS = 10_000;
-
+// block on COUNT(*) at every TTL boundary. The TTL itself is env-tuned via
+// perf-ttls (CMS_ONLINE_COUNT_TTL_SEC).
 export async function cachedOnlineCount(): Promise<number> {
 	return cached("online_count", ONLINE_COUNT_TTL_MS, countOnline, {
 		staleMs: 15_000,

src/lib/services/public-search.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { cached } from "@/lib/cache";
+import { PUBLIC_SEARCH_TTL_MS } from "@/lib/perf-ttls";
 import { publicReadFailure } from "@/lib/services/public-read";
 import "server-only";
 import { and, asc, count, eq, inArray, like, or } from "drizzle-orm";
@@ -14,7 +15,7 @@ import { loadNewsArchive } from "@/lib/services/news-archive";
  * directory, and a user who registers or a room that opens should show up
  * without waiting.
  */
-const SEARCH_TTL_MS = 30_000;
+const SEARCH_TTL_MS = PUBLIC_SEARCH_TTL_MS;
 
 function pageNumber(value: number | undefined, total: number) {
 	return Math.min(

src/lib/services/site-settings.ts

@@ -2,6 +2,10 @@ import "server-only";
 
 import { db, WebsiteSetting } from "@/lib/db";
 import { logger } from "@/lib/logger";
+import {
+	SITE_SETTINGS_MEMORY_TTL_MS,
+	SITE_SETTINGS_TTL_MS,
+} from "@/lib/perf-ttls";
 import { redis } from "@/lib/redis";
 
 const DEFAULTS: Record<string, string> = {
@@ -11,12 +15,12 @@ const DEFAULTS: Record<string, string> = {
 	habbo_gamedata_hotel: "it",
 };
 
-const CACHE_TTL_MS = 300_000;
+const CACHE_TTL_MS = SITE_SETTINGS_TTL_MS;
 const REDIS_CACHE_KEY = "site_settings";
 // Short in-process window so repeated getters in one request (header, nav,
 // footer all read logo and other settings) don't each pay a Redis round-trip.
 // Redis stays the source of truth across instances.
-const MEMORY_TTL_MS = 60_000;
+const MEMORY_TTL_MS = SITE_SETTINGS_MEMORY_TTL_MS;
 
 // During `next build`, pages are prerendered and `Date.now()` is treated as an
 // unstable prerender value — always serve the in-process cache then (settings